Cardiovascular Alterations Exam
Questions and Correct Answers Rated A+ 2024
Atherosclerosis - ANSWER>>"Hardening of the arteries"
A progressive disease characterized by formation of plaque in the intimal lining
of medium and large arteries, including the aorta and its branches, the coronary
arteries, and large vessels that supply the brain
Atherosclerosis appears to begin with - ANSWER>>Chronic injury or
inflammation to the endothelial cells that line the blood vessels
Sources of chronic injury and inflammation to endothelial cells lining the blood
vessels - ANSWER>>Hypertension, smoking, viruses, high blood levels of
cholesterol and glucose
Flat, thick, yellow lesions that can progressively thicken, enlarge, and protrude
into the lumen of the artery - ANSWER>>Fatty streaks
As fatty streaks mature over time, they begin to develop into -
ANSWER>>Fibrous atheromatous plaque
* this is the basic lesion associated with atherosclerosis
A narrowing of the internal space or lumen of a coronary artery -
ANSWER>>Coronary artery disease (CAD)
Coronary artery disease is most typically caused by - ANSWER>>Atherosclerotic
plaque formations
Two types of atherosclerotic plaques - ANSWER>>Stable plaque
Unstable plaque
,Impedes blood flow to myocardial tissues and is associated with development
of stable angina - ANSWER>>Stable plaque
A predictable and less threatening type of cardiac ischemia - ANSWER>>Stable
angina
__________ plaque is more ominous with a greater tendency toward rupture,
platelet aggregation, fibrin attraction, and thrombus formation in the coronary
artery - ANSWER>>Unstable
____________ plaque activity can precipitate an acute coronary syndrome (ACS)
- ANSWER>>Unstable
Modifiable risk factors for coronary artery disease - ANSWER>>Hyperlipidemia,
hypertriglyceridemia, DM type 2, metabolic syndrome, hypertension, obesity,
physical inactivity, smoking, diet
Unmodifiable risk factors for coronary artery disease - ANSWER>>Age
Male gender
DM type 1
Genetic predisposition
Desirable total serum cholesterol value - ANSWER>><200 mg/dL
Desirable serum LDL cholesterol value - ANSWER>>100 to 129
*optimal = <100
Drugs to reduce serum cholesterol and LDL levels - ANSWER>>HMG Co-enzyme
inhibitors, or statins:
lovastatin (Mecavor), pravastatin (Pravachol), simvastatin (Zocor), fluvastatin
(Lescol), atorvastatin (Lipitor), and rosuvastatin (Crestor)
Clinical presentation of impaired tissue perfusion - ANSWER>>Angina pectoris
, Diaphoresis
Shortness of breath
Lightheadedness
Nausea
Fatigue
Chest pain that is predictable and occurs with physical activity -
ANSWER>>Stable angina
Chest pain that occurs at rest and is not related to physical activity or heart rate
- ANSWER>>Variant angina (Prinzmetal's angina)
Chest pain that is not predictable. It occurs with minimal activity, and it occurs
with increased frequency and severity - ANSWER>>Unstable angina
________ angina requires immediate medical attention - ANSWER>>Unstable
When assessing a patient complaining of angina symptoms, the immediate
questions to consider include: - ANSWER>>The time of onset of the pain
The activity that the patient was participating in when the pain began
The length of the anginal episodes
Patients reporting a history of exertional or resting dyspnea require close
scrutiny because these symptoms strongly correlate with - ANSWER>>Coronary
artery disease (CAD)
Symptoms that are suggestive of ischemia but do not include angina are called -
ANSWER>>Anginal equivalents
These patients are more likely to experience anginal equivalents or silent
ischemia - ANSWER>>Diabetics
Women
Elderly
Questions and Correct Answers Rated A+ 2024
Atherosclerosis - ANSWER>>"Hardening of the arteries"
A progressive disease characterized by formation of plaque in the intimal lining
of medium and large arteries, including the aorta and its branches, the coronary
arteries, and large vessels that supply the brain
Atherosclerosis appears to begin with - ANSWER>>Chronic injury or
inflammation to the endothelial cells that line the blood vessels
Sources of chronic injury and inflammation to endothelial cells lining the blood
vessels - ANSWER>>Hypertension, smoking, viruses, high blood levels of
cholesterol and glucose
Flat, thick, yellow lesions that can progressively thicken, enlarge, and protrude
into the lumen of the artery - ANSWER>>Fatty streaks
As fatty streaks mature over time, they begin to develop into -
ANSWER>>Fibrous atheromatous plaque
* this is the basic lesion associated with atherosclerosis
A narrowing of the internal space or lumen of a coronary artery -
ANSWER>>Coronary artery disease (CAD)
Coronary artery disease is most typically caused by - ANSWER>>Atherosclerotic
plaque formations
Two types of atherosclerotic plaques - ANSWER>>Stable plaque
Unstable plaque
,Impedes blood flow to myocardial tissues and is associated with development
of stable angina - ANSWER>>Stable plaque
A predictable and less threatening type of cardiac ischemia - ANSWER>>Stable
angina
__________ plaque is more ominous with a greater tendency toward rupture,
platelet aggregation, fibrin attraction, and thrombus formation in the coronary
artery - ANSWER>>Unstable
____________ plaque activity can precipitate an acute coronary syndrome (ACS)
- ANSWER>>Unstable
Modifiable risk factors for coronary artery disease - ANSWER>>Hyperlipidemia,
hypertriglyceridemia, DM type 2, metabolic syndrome, hypertension, obesity,
physical inactivity, smoking, diet
Unmodifiable risk factors for coronary artery disease - ANSWER>>Age
Male gender
DM type 1
Genetic predisposition
Desirable total serum cholesterol value - ANSWER>><200 mg/dL
Desirable serum LDL cholesterol value - ANSWER>>100 to 129
*optimal = <100
Drugs to reduce serum cholesterol and LDL levels - ANSWER>>HMG Co-enzyme
inhibitors, or statins:
lovastatin (Mecavor), pravastatin (Pravachol), simvastatin (Zocor), fluvastatin
(Lescol), atorvastatin (Lipitor), and rosuvastatin (Crestor)
Clinical presentation of impaired tissue perfusion - ANSWER>>Angina pectoris
, Diaphoresis
Shortness of breath
Lightheadedness
Nausea
Fatigue
Chest pain that is predictable and occurs with physical activity -
ANSWER>>Stable angina
Chest pain that occurs at rest and is not related to physical activity or heart rate
- ANSWER>>Variant angina (Prinzmetal's angina)
Chest pain that is not predictable. It occurs with minimal activity, and it occurs
with increased frequency and severity - ANSWER>>Unstable angina
________ angina requires immediate medical attention - ANSWER>>Unstable
When assessing a patient complaining of angina symptoms, the immediate
questions to consider include: - ANSWER>>The time of onset of the pain
The activity that the patient was participating in when the pain began
The length of the anginal episodes
Patients reporting a history of exertional or resting dyspnea require close
scrutiny because these symptoms strongly correlate with - ANSWER>>Coronary
artery disease (CAD)
Symptoms that are suggestive of ischemia but do not include angina are called -
ANSWER>>Anginal equivalents
These patients are more likely to experience anginal equivalents or silent
ischemia - ANSWER>>Diabetics
Women
Elderly
