BIOTECHNOLOGY EXAM
QUESTIONS AND COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS
Explain the procedure of DNA extraction
restriction enzymes are used to cut DNA into smaller
pieces because otherwise it is to large to analyze, the
DNA is cut into restriction fragments that are several
hundred bases long (compared to the millions) in length,
of the hundred of known restriction enzymes each cutes
DNA at a different sequence of nucleotides
Explain the use of restriction enzymes in gel
electrophoresis
restriction enzymes cut the DNA into pieces so that they
can be separated by gel electrophoresis and read by
scientists
Explain the technique and purpose of gel
electrophoresis
used to separate DNA fragments, after being cut by
restriction enzymes the fragments are put into wells on a
gel similar to gelatin, an electric voltage moves the
fragments across the gel, the shorter the fragments the
faster they move. the fragments separate resulting in a
pattern of bands based on fragment size
Restriction Enzyme
enzyme used to cut DNA into smaller pieces because it is
to large to be read
, Gel Electrophoresis
process in which DNA fragments cut by restriction
enzymes are separated by electric voltage based on
fragment size forming patterns of bands and allowing
scientists to read them more easily
Sticky End
overheads created from cutting DNA, can bond (or stick)
to DNA fragments with complementary base sequence
(see diagram in notes)
Explain the purpose of selective breeding
to pass wanted traits on to the next generation, new
generation often stronger than parental generation
What are the methods of selective breeding?
hybridization and inbreeding
Luther Burbank
greatest selective breeder of all time, used hybridization to
produce more than 800 plants, more often combined
disease resistant plants with food producing plants
Explain how people increase genetic variation
by introducing mutations
Hybridization
crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best of
both organisms
Why is inbreeding risky?
most members of a breed are genetically similar which
increases that chance that the cross will bring together 2
recessive alleles and cause a genetic defect
Inbreeding
the continued breeding of individuals with similar
characteristics, ensures that what makes each breed
unique is preserved (ex: dogs)
QUESTIONS AND COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS
Explain the procedure of DNA extraction
restriction enzymes are used to cut DNA into smaller
pieces because otherwise it is to large to analyze, the
DNA is cut into restriction fragments that are several
hundred bases long (compared to the millions) in length,
of the hundred of known restriction enzymes each cutes
DNA at a different sequence of nucleotides
Explain the use of restriction enzymes in gel
electrophoresis
restriction enzymes cut the DNA into pieces so that they
can be separated by gel electrophoresis and read by
scientists
Explain the technique and purpose of gel
electrophoresis
used to separate DNA fragments, after being cut by
restriction enzymes the fragments are put into wells on a
gel similar to gelatin, an electric voltage moves the
fragments across the gel, the shorter the fragments the
faster they move. the fragments separate resulting in a
pattern of bands based on fragment size
Restriction Enzyme
enzyme used to cut DNA into smaller pieces because it is
to large to be read
, Gel Electrophoresis
process in which DNA fragments cut by restriction
enzymes are separated by electric voltage based on
fragment size forming patterns of bands and allowing
scientists to read them more easily
Sticky End
overheads created from cutting DNA, can bond (or stick)
to DNA fragments with complementary base sequence
(see diagram in notes)
Explain the purpose of selective breeding
to pass wanted traits on to the next generation, new
generation often stronger than parental generation
What are the methods of selective breeding?
hybridization and inbreeding
Luther Burbank
greatest selective breeder of all time, used hybridization to
produce more than 800 plants, more often combined
disease resistant plants with food producing plants
Explain how people increase genetic variation
by introducing mutations
Hybridization
crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best of
both organisms
Why is inbreeding risky?
most members of a breed are genetically similar which
increases that chance that the cross will bring together 2
recessive alleles and cause a genetic defect
Inbreeding
the continued breeding of individuals with similar
characteristics, ensures that what makes each breed
unique is preserved (ex: dogs)
