Infection, Pattern of Distribution, Chain of Infectio
Immunity, Immunization, TB, Leprosy, Measles, M
Rubella, Varicella, Shingles, Diphtheria, Pertussis
Poliomyelitis, Hepatitis, Meningitis, Malaria, Deng
Filariasis
Subject COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
Principles of Infection and Infection Control
INFECTION → the growth of microorganisms in body tissue where they are not usually found
DISEASE → a detectable alteration in normal tissue function
COMMUNICABLE DISEASE → the infectious agent can be transmitted to an individual by direct or indirect contact or as an
Types of Infections :
Based of Manifestation in the Body :
a. Local - limited to the specific part of the body where the microorganisms remain
b. Systemic - the microorganisms spread and damage different parts of the body
Based on Duration :
a. Acute — appear suddenly or last a short time
→ < 6 months
💡 Measles, Mumps, Rubella, Varicella
b. Chronic — occur slowly, over a very long period, and may last months or years
→ > 7 months
💡 mycobacterium → TB, Leprosy
Based of Acquisition :
a. Nosocomial “hospital / facility based”
→ can either develop during a client’s stay in a facility or manifest after discharge
→ 48 hours afters / discharge
types :
Endogenous (internal) - comes from the patient
Exogenous (external) - comes from the environment
b. Iatrogenic “procedure based”
→ the direct result of diagnostic or therapeutic procedures
HEALTH CARE ASSOCIATED INFECTION (HAI)
Central Line-associated Bloodstream Infection (CLABSI)
AVOID CLABSI :
Check Schedule of Change of Dressing
Sterile Gauze – Every 2 days
Sterile Transparent, Semi permeable dressing – 7 days
Admin Sets / Needleless components – 96hrs
, MODELS VITAL TO INFECTION & DISEASE CONTROL
THE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL TRIAD — disease results from the interaction between the agent and the susceptible host in an env
transmission of the agent from a source to that host
THE CHAIN OF INFECTION — conditions that must be met in order for a microbe or infectious disease to be spread from pe
Causative Agent → pathogens/germs/microorganisms that infect and cause a disease
Bacteria – most common
Virus – most microscopic
Fungi – least common
Parasites – protozoans, helminths, flukes
Reservoir → sources of the microorganism can be biological (living) or inanimate (non-living)
Portal of Exit → the way the causative agent leaves the reservoir
Mode of Transmission → the method the causative agent is able to spread from one person to another person makes an
disease
Direct
Horizontal — immediate transfer from person to person
Vertical Transfer — mother to baby, placenta or breastmilk
Indirect — VEHICLE (thru fomites) ; VECTOR (thru animals & insects
Airborne — can occur regardless of close or far distances between hosts and agents, less than 60 micrograms
💡 MTV — measles, tuberculosis, varicella
Droplet — occur only If the source and the host are within 1 m (3 ft) of
each other, more than 60 micrograms, >5 μm
💡 PIMP — pertussis, influenza, meningitis, pneumonia
Portal of ENTRY → the way the causative agent enters the host
Susceptible Host → any person who is at risk for infection
Determinants of Host Susceptibility
1. Poor Primary Defenses — Impaired skin integrity, Poor skin moisture
2. Poor Secondary Defenses — Low levels of Antibodies
3. Poor Tertiary Defenses — Immature (young) immune system,
Deteriorating (old) immune system, Immunosuppression
HOW DO WE STOP THE INFECTION?
CLEANING – visibly without dirt
DISINFECTION - kill all microbes except SPORES
STERILIZATION - kill all microbes
DISINFECTING AGENTS
ANTISEPTIC - usually used for the SKIN
DISINFECTANTS - usually used on surfaces
METHODS OF STERILIZATION
AUTOCLAVE - Use of moist heat higher than 121 ̊C (250F)
Immunity, Immunization, TB, Leprosy, Measles, M
Rubella, Varicella, Shingles, Diphtheria, Pertussis
Poliomyelitis, Hepatitis, Meningitis, Malaria, Deng
Filariasis
Subject COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
Principles of Infection and Infection Control
INFECTION → the growth of microorganisms in body tissue where they are not usually found
DISEASE → a detectable alteration in normal tissue function
COMMUNICABLE DISEASE → the infectious agent can be transmitted to an individual by direct or indirect contact or as an
Types of Infections :
Based of Manifestation in the Body :
a. Local - limited to the specific part of the body where the microorganisms remain
b. Systemic - the microorganisms spread and damage different parts of the body
Based on Duration :
a. Acute — appear suddenly or last a short time
→ < 6 months
💡 Measles, Mumps, Rubella, Varicella
b. Chronic — occur slowly, over a very long period, and may last months or years
→ > 7 months
💡 mycobacterium → TB, Leprosy
Based of Acquisition :
a. Nosocomial “hospital / facility based”
→ can either develop during a client’s stay in a facility or manifest after discharge
→ 48 hours afters / discharge
types :
Endogenous (internal) - comes from the patient
Exogenous (external) - comes from the environment
b. Iatrogenic “procedure based”
→ the direct result of diagnostic or therapeutic procedures
HEALTH CARE ASSOCIATED INFECTION (HAI)
Central Line-associated Bloodstream Infection (CLABSI)
AVOID CLABSI :
Check Schedule of Change of Dressing
Sterile Gauze – Every 2 days
Sterile Transparent, Semi permeable dressing – 7 days
Admin Sets / Needleless components – 96hrs
, MODELS VITAL TO INFECTION & DISEASE CONTROL
THE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL TRIAD — disease results from the interaction between the agent and the susceptible host in an env
transmission of the agent from a source to that host
THE CHAIN OF INFECTION — conditions that must be met in order for a microbe or infectious disease to be spread from pe
Causative Agent → pathogens/germs/microorganisms that infect and cause a disease
Bacteria – most common
Virus – most microscopic
Fungi – least common
Parasites – protozoans, helminths, flukes
Reservoir → sources of the microorganism can be biological (living) or inanimate (non-living)
Portal of Exit → the way the causative agent leaves the reservoir
Mode of Transmission → the method the causative agent is able to spread from one person to another person makes an
disease
Direct
Horizontal — immediate transfer from person to person
Vertical Transfer — mother to baby, placenta or breastmilk
Indirect — VEHICLE (thru fomites) ; VECTOR (thru animals & insects
Airborne — can occur regardless of close or far distances between hosts and agents, less than 60 micrograms
💡 MTV — measles, tuberculosis, varicella
Droplet — occur only If the source and the host are within 1 m (3 ft) of
each other, more than 60 micrograms, >5 μm
💡 PIMP — pertussis, influenza, meningitis, pneumonia
Portal of ENTRY → the way the causative agent enters the host
Susceptible Host → any person who is at risk for infection
Determinants of Host Susceptibility
1. Poor Primary Defenses — Impaired skin integrity, Poor skin moisture
2. Poor Secondary Defenses — Low levels of Antibodies
3. Poor Tertiary Defenses — Immature (young) immune system,
Deteriorating (old) immune system, Immunosuppression
HOW DO WE STOP THE INFECTION?
CLEANING – visibly without dirt
DISINFECTION - kill all microbes except SPORES
STERILIZATION - kill all microbes
DISINFECTING AGENTS
ANTISEPTIC - usually used for the SKIN
DISINFECTANTS - usually used on surfaces
METHODS OF STERILIZATION
AUTOCLAVE - Use of moist heat higher than 121 ̊C (250F)
