Stuvia.coma-
aTheaMarketplaceatoaBuyaandaSellayouraStudyaMaterial
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Distributionaofathisadocumentaisaillegal
, Stuvia.coma-
aTheaMarketplaceatoaBuyaandaSellayouraStudyaMaterial
ESSENTIAL CELL BIOLOGY, FIFTH EDITION
a a a a
CHAPTER 1: CELLS: THE FUNDAMENTAL UNITS OF LIFE
a a a a a a a
Unity and Diversity of Cells
a a a a
1-1 Livingasystemsaareaincrediblyadiverseainasize,ashape,aenvironment,aandabehavior.aItaisaestimatedathatathere
aareabetweena10amillionaanda100amillionadifferentaspecies.aDespiteathisawideavarietyaofaorganisms,aitaremai
nsadifficultatoadefineawhataitameansatoasayasomethingaisaalive.aWhichaofatheafollowingacanabeadescribedaasa
theasmallestalivingaunit?
(a) DNAa(b) cell
(c) organelle
(d) protein
1-2 Indicateawhetheratheafollowingastatementsaareatrueaorafalse.aIfatheastatementaisafalse,aexplainawhyaitaisa
false.
A. TheaParameciumaisaaamulticellularamicroorganismacoveredawithahairlikeacilia.
B. Cellsaofadifferentatypesacanahaveadifferentachemicalarequirements.aC.
Theabranchlikeaextensionsathatasproutafromaaasingleanerveacellainaa
mammalianabrainacanaextendaoveraseveralahundredamicrometers.
1-3 Foraeachaofatheafollowingasentences,afillainatheablanksawithatheabestawordaoraphraseaselectedafromathealis
tabelow.aNotaallawordsaoraphrasesawillabeaused;aeachawordaoraphraseashouldabeausedaonlyaonce.
Cellsacanabeaveryadiverse:asuperficially,atheyacomeainavariousasizes,arangingafromabacterialac
ellsasuchaasaLactobacillus,awhichaisaaafew
a
inalength,atoalargeracellsasuchaasaaafrog’saegg,awhichahasaaadiameteraofaabou
taone
.aDespiteatheadiversity,acellsaresembleaeachaotheratoaanaastonishingadegreeai
natheirachemistry.aForaexample,atheasamea20
areausedatoamakeaproteins.aSimilarly,atheageneticainformationaofaallacellsaisa
storedainatheir
a .aAlthough
containatheasameatypesaofamoleculesaasacells,atheirainabilityatoareproduceath
emselvesabyatheiraownaeffortsameansathatatheyaareanotaconsideredalivingamatter.
aminoaacids micrometer(s) viruses
DNA millimeter(s)a yeast
fattyaacidsa plants
meter plasmaamembranes
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Distributionaofathisadocumentaisaillegal
, Stuvia.coma-
aTheaMarketplaceatoaBuyaandaSellayouraStudyaMaterial
1-4 Howadoesacellularaspecializationaserveamulticellularaorganismsaandahowamightaaah
ighadegreeaofaspecializationabeadetrimental?
1-5 Theaflowaofageneticainformationaisacontrolledabyaaaseriesaofabiochemicalareactionsath
ataresultainatheaproductionaofaproteins,aeachawithaitsaownaspecificaorderaofaaminoaacid
s.aChooseatheacorrectaseriesaofabiochemicalareactionsafromatheaoptionsapresentedaher
e.
(a) replication,atranscription,atranslation
(b) replication,atranslation,atranscription
(c) translation,atranscription,areplication
(d) translation,areplication,atranscription
1-6 Proteinsaareaimportantaarchitecturalaandacatalyticacomponentsawithinatheacell,ahelpi
ngatoadetermineaitsachemistry,aitsashape,aandaitsaabilityatoarespondatoachangesainatheae
nvironment.aRemarkably,aallaofatheadifferentaproteinsainaaacellaareamadeafromatheasa
mea20
.aByalinkingathemainadifferentasequences,atheacellacana
makeaproteinamoleculesawithadifferentaconformationsaandasurfaceachemistries,aandat
hereforeadifferentafunctions.
(a) nucleotides.
(b) sugars.
(c) aminoaacids.
(d) fattyaacids.
1-7 WhichastatementaisaNOTatrueaaboutamutations?
(a) AamutationaisaaachangeainatheaDNAathatacanagenerateaoffspringalessafitaforasu
rvivalathanatheiraparents.
(b) AamutationacanabeaaaresultaofaimperfectaDNAaduplication.
(c) Aamutationaisaaaresultaofasexualareproduction.
(d) AamutationaisaaachangeainatheaDNAathatacanagenerateaoffspringathataareaasafit
aforasurvivalaasatheiraparentsaare.
1-8 ChangesainaDNAasequenceafromaoneagenerationatoatheanextamayaresultainaoffspringath
ataareaalteredainafitnessacomparedawithatheiraparents.aTheaprocessaofachangeaandasele
ctionaoveratheacourseaofamanyagenerationsaisatheabasisaof .
(a) mutation.
(b) evolution.
(c) heredity.
(d) reproduction.
1-9 Selectatheaoptionathatabestafinishesatheafollowingastatement:a“Evolutionaisaaap
rocess .”
(a) thatacanabeaunderstoodabasedaonatheaprinciplesaofamutationaandaselection.
(b) thataresultsafromarepeatedacyclesaofaadaptationaoverabillionsaofayears.
(c) byawhichaallapresent-dayacellsaaroseafroma4–5adifferentaancestralacells.
(d) thatarequiresahundredsaofathousandsaofayears.
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Distributionaofathisadocumentaisaillegal
, Stuvia.coma-
aTheaMarketplaceatoaBuyaandaSellayouraStudyaMaterial
1-10 Selectatheaoptionathatacorrectlyafinishesatheafollowingastatement:a“Aacell’sagenome
a .”
(a) isadefinedaasaallatheagenesabeingausedatoamakeaprotein.
(b) containsaallaofaaacell’saDNA.
(c) constantlyachanges,adependingauponatheacell’saenvironment.
(d) isaalteredaduringaembryonicadevelopment.
Cells Under the Microscope
a a a
1-11 WhichastatementaisaNOTatrueaaboutatheaevents/conclusionsafromastudiesaduringat
heamid-1800sasurroundingatheadiscoveryaofacells?
(a) Cellsacameatoabeaknownaasatheasmallestauniversalabuildingablockaofalivingao
rganisms.
(b) Scientistsacameatoatheaconclusionathatanewacellsacanaformaspontaneouslyafr
omathearemnantsaofarupturedacells.
(c) Lightamicroscopyawasaessentialainademonstratingatheacommonalitiesa
betweenaplantaandaanimalatissues.
(d) Newacellsaariseafromatheagrowthaandadivisionaofapreviouslyaexistingacells.
1-12 Whataunitaofalengthawouldayouagenerallyauseatoameasureaaatypicalaplantaoraanimalace
ll?
(a) centimeters
(b) nanometers
(c) millimeters
(d) micrometers
1-13 Matchatheatypeaofamicroscopyaonathealeftawithatheacorrespondingadescriptionap
rovidedabelow.aThereaisaoneabestamatchaforaeach.
A. confocal
B. transmissionaelectron
C. fluorescence
D. phase-contrast
E. scanningaelectron
F. bright-field
a
usesaaalightamicroscopeawithaanaopticalacomponentatoatakeaadvantageaofat
headifferentarefractiveaindicesaofalightapassingathroughadifferentaregionsaofath
eacell.
a
employsaaalightamicroscopeaandarequiresathatasamplesabeafixedaandastaine
dainaorderatoarevealacellularadetails.
aaaaaaaaarequiresatheauseaofatwoasetsaofafilters.aTheafirstafilteranarrowsatheawavelengtharan
geathatareachesatheaspecimenaandatheasecondablocksaoutaallawavelengthsathata
passabackaupatoatheaeyepieceaexceptaforathoseaemittedabyatheadyeainatheasampl
e.
aaaaaaaaascansatheaspecimenawithaaafocusedalaserabeamatoaobtainaaaseriesaofatwo-
adimensionalaopticalasections,awhichacanabeausedatoareconstructaanaimageaof
Downloadedaby:akishea|
m
Distributionaofathisadocumentaisaillegal
aTheaMarketplaceatoaBuyaandaSellayouraStudyaMaterial
Downloadedaby:akishea|
m
Distributionaofathisadocumentaisaillegal
, Stuvia.coma-
aTheaMarketplaceatoaBuyaandaSellayouraStudyaMaterial
ESSENTIAL CELL BIOLOGY, FIFTH EDITION
a a a a
CHAPTER 1: CELLS: THE FUNDAMENTAL UNITS OF LIFE
a a a a a a a
Unity and Diversity of Cells
a a a a
1-1 Livingasystemsaareaincrediblyadiverseainasize,ashape,aenvironment,aandabehavior.aItaisaestimatedathatathere
aareabetweena10amillionaanda100amillionadifferentaspecies.aDespiteathisawideavarietyaofaorganisms,aitaremai
nsadifficultatoadefineawhataitameansatoasayasomethingaisaalive.aWhichaofatheafollowingacanabeadescribedaasa
theasmallestalivingaunit?
(a) DNAa(b) cell
(c) organelle
(d) protein
1-2 Indicateawhetheratheafollowingastatementsaareatrueaorafalse.aIfatheastatementaisafalse,aexplainawhyaitaisa
false.
A. TheaParameciumaisaaamulticellularamicroorganismacoveredawithahairlikeacilia.
B. Cellsaofadifferentatypesacanahaveadifferentachemicalarequirements.aC.
Theabranchlikeaextensionsathatasproutafromaaasingleanerveacellainaa
mammalianabrainacanaextendaoveraseveralahundredamicrometers.
1-3 Foraeachaofatheafollowingasentences,afillainatheablanksawithatheabestawordaoraphraseaselectedafromathealis
tabelow.aNotaallawordsaoraphrasesawillabeaused;aeachawordaoraphraseashouldabeausedaonlyaonce.
Cellsacanabeaveryadiverse:asuperficially,atheyacomeainavariousasizes,arangingafromabacterialac
ellsasuchaasaLactobacillus,awhichaisaaafew
a
inalength,atoalargeracellsasuchaasaaafrog’saegg,awhichahasaaadiameteraofaabou
taone
.aDespiteatheadiversity,acellsaresembleaeachaotheratoaanaastonishingadegreeai
natheirachemistry.aForaexample,atheasamea20
areausedatoamakeaproteins.aSimilarly,atheageneticainformationaofaallacellsaisa
storedainatheir
a .aAlthough
containatheasameatypesaofamoleculesaasacells,atheirainabilityatoareproduceath
emselvesabyatheiraownaeffortsameansathatatheyaareanotaconsideredalivingamatter.
aminoaacids micrometer(s) viruses
DNA millimeter(s)a yeast
fattyaacidsa plants
meter plasmaamembranes
Downloadedaby:akishea|
m
Distributionaofathisadocumentaisaillegal
, Stuvia.coma-
aTheaMarketplaceatoaBuyaandaSellayouraStudyaMaterial
1-4 Howadoesacellularaspecializationaserveamulticellularaorganismsaandahowamightaaah
ighadegreeaofaspecializationabeadetrimental?
1-5 Theaflowaofageneticainformationaisacontrolledabyaaaseriesaofabiochemicalareactionsath
ataresultainatheaproductionaofaproteins,aeachawithaitsaownaspecificaorderaofaaminoaacid
s.aChooseatheacorrectaseriesaofabiochemicalareactionsafromatheaoptionsapresentedaher
e.
(a) replication,atranscription,atranslation
(b) replication,atranslation,atranscription
(c) translation,atranscription,areplication
(d) translation,areplication,atranscription
1-6 Proteinsaareaimportantaarchitecturalaandacatalyticacomponentsawithinatheacell,ahelpi
ngatoadetermineaitsachemistry,aitsashape,aandaitsaabilityatoarespondatoachangesainatheae
nvironment.aRemarkably,aallaofatheadifferentaproteinsainaaacellaareamadeafromatheasa
mea20
.aByalinkingathemainadifferentasequences,atheacellacana
makeaproteinamoleculesawithadifferentaconformationsaandasurfaceachemistries,aandat
hereforeadifferentafunctions.
(a) nucleotides.
(b) sugars.
(c) aminoaacids.
(d) fattyaacids.
1-7 WhichastatementaisaNOTatrueaaboutamutations?
(a) AamutationaisaaachangeainatheaDNAathatacanagenerateaoffspringalessafitaforasu
rvivalathanatheiraparents.
(b) AamutationacanabeaaaresultaofaimperfectaDNAaduplication.
(c) Aamutationaisaaaresultaofasexualareproduction.
(d) AamutationaisaaachangeainatheaDNAathatacanagenerateaoffspringathataareaasafit
aforasurvivalaasatheiraparentsaare.
1-8 ChangesainaDNAasequenceafromaoneagenerationatoatheanextamayaresultainaoffspringath
ataareaalteredainafitnessacomparedawithatheiraparents.aTheaprocessaofachangeaandasele
ctionaoveratheacourseaofamanyagenerationsaisatheabasisaof .
(a) mutation.
(b) evolution.
(c) heredity.
(d) reproduction.
1-9 Selectatheaoptionathatabestafinishesatheafollowingastatement:a“Evolutionaisaaap
rocess .”
(a) thatacanabeaunderstoodabasedaonatheaprinciplesaofamutationaandaselection.
(b) thataresultsafromarepeatedacyclesaofaadaptationaoverabillionsaofayears.
(c) byawhichaallapresent-dayacellsaaroseafroma4–5adifferentaancestralacells.
(d) thatarequiresahundredsaofathousandsaofayears.
Downloadedaby:akishea|
m
Distributionaofathisadocumentaisaillegal
, Stuvia.coma-
aTheaMarketplaceatoaBuyaandaSellayouraStudyaMaterial
1-10 Selectatheaoptionathatacorrectlyafinishesatheafollowingastatement:a“Aacell’sagenome
a .”
(a) isadefinedaasaallatheagenesabeingausedatoamakeaprotein.
(b) containsaallaofaaacell’saDNA.
(c) constantlyachanges,adependingauponatheacell’saenvironment.
(d) isaalteredaduringaembryonicadevelopment.
Cells Under the Microscope
a a a
1-11 WhichastatementaisaNOTatrueaaboutatheaevents/conclusionsafromastudiesaduringat
heamid-1800sasurroundingatheadiscoveryaofacells?
(a) Cellsacameatoabeaknownaasatheasmallestauniversalabuildingablockaofalivingao
rganisms.
(b) Scientistsacameatoatheaconclusionathatanewacellsacanaformaspontaneouslyafr
omathearemnantsaofarupturedacells.
(c) Lightamicroscopyawasaessentialainademonstratingatheacommonalitiesa
betweenaplantaandaanimalatissues.
(d) Newacellsaariseafromatheagrowthaandadivisionaofapreviouslyaexistingacells.
1-12 Whataunitaofalengthawouldayouagenerallyauseatoameasureaaatypicalaplantaoraanimalace
ll?
(a) centimeters
(b) nanometers
(c) millimeters
(d) micrometers
1-13 Matchatheatypeaofamicroscopyaonathealeftawithatheacorrespondingadescriptionap
rovidedabelow.aThereaisaoneabestamatchaforaeach.
A. confocal
B. transmissionaelectron
C. fluorescence
D. phase-contrast
E. scanningaelectron
F. bright-field
a
usesaaalightamicroscopeawithaanaopticalacomponentatoatakeaadvantageaofat
headifferentarefractiveaindicesaofalightapassingathroughadifferentaregionsaofath
eacell.
a
employsaaalightamicroscopeaandarequiresathatasamplesabeafixedaandastaine
dainaorderatoarevealacellularadetails.
aaaaaaaaarequiresatheauseaofatwoasetsaofafilters.aTheafirstafilteranarrowsatheawavelengtharan
geathatareachesatheaspecimenaandatheasecondablocksaoutaallawavelengthsathata
passabackaupatoatheaeyepieceaexceptaforathoseaemittedabyatheadyeainatheasampl
e.
aaaaaaaaascansatheaspecimenawithaaafocusedalaserabeamatoaobtainaaaseriesaofatwo-
adimensionalaopticalasections,awhichacanabeausedatoareconstructaanaimageaof
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Distributionaofathisadocumentaisaillegal
