CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY
Introduction to Psychology
BS Psychology | Sammer | Dash 4
Psychology REMEMBER!!!
● From Greek word P. I. D. U. M
“Psyche” - Mind, Spirit, Predict, Interpret, Describe,
Behavior. Understand, Manipulate.
“Logos” - Study of… Schools of Psychology
● Refers to the scientific study Structuralism
of behavior and mental ● Wilhelm Wundt
processes. ● Set up the first Psychology
Classification of Behavior Laboratory in 1879.
Overt ● Aims to study the building
● Behavior that can be blocks of the mind.
observed by anyone, Such as ● Uses Introspection on
talking, facial expressions, and understanding What is inside
movement. the mind.
Covert Functionalism
● type of behavior that is ● William James
known to the individual ● Focuses on what the mind
performing only. These are does and how behavior
activities of our minds such as functions.
thinking, feeling, and ● He was looking at what was
remembering going on inside a person’s
Goals of Psychology head and its interaction with
Description the outside world.
● To be able to label the Psychoanalytic Approach
situation or phenomenon. ● Sigmund Freud
Explanation ● Believed that early
● Behavior is being understood relationships with parents are
by explaining it. the main forces that shape an
Prediction individual’s personality.
● Refers to determining what ● focuses on the sexual and
will happen in the future. aggressive impulses of people
Control/ Manipulate and how it is affecting
● To be able to Modify the behavior.
Behavior from undesirable to ● Unconscious Mind.
desirable.
1
,CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY
Introduction to Psychology
BS Psychology | Sammer | Dash 4
Gestalt Psychology ● People have free will and the
● Founded by Max Wertheimer freedom to chart their destiny.
in early 1900. Biopsychosocial Perspective
● Believed that “ The whole/ ● Theorized by psychiatrist
sum is greater than its parts…” George Engel.
● Means that when basic ● Human and animal behavior is
elements that compose our seen as a direct result of
perception of objects are events in the body.
considered together, they ● Hormones, heredity, and
produce something greater diseases are the biological
and more meaningful than causes of behavior.
those individual elements Areas in Psychology
alone. Pure Psychology
Behaviorism ● Developmental Psychology
● Ivan Pavlov and JB Watson Studies the Individual from
● Classical conditioning VS. conception to death (stage in
Operant conditioning life).
● Focus on the Behavior that is ❖ Ovum, Embryo, fetus-
directly observed. Prenatal (Before Death)
● Believe that to understand ❖ Birth, infancy, babyhood
behavior, one must observe it. (early and late),
Modern Approaches in Psychology childhood (early and
Cognitive Approach late), puberty,
● focuses on how people think, adolescence, adulthood,
remember, store, and use middle age, old age,
information. and death.
● Individual’s mental processes ● Social Psychology
are in control of behavior focus is on social interactions,
through memories, influences, individual and
perceptions, images, and group thinking, individual and
thinking. group behavior, and the
Humanistic Approach formation of attitudes.
● Founded by Abraham Maslow
and Carl Rogers
2
,CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY
Introduction to Psychology
BS Psychology | Sammer | Dash 4
● Abnormal Psychology examinations, interpreting
focus is on mental disorders tests, and test construction.
(e.g. dementia, schizophrenia, Scientific Method
delusions, phobias, ● Science is not defined by what
maladjustments, etc.) it investigates but by how it
Applied Psychology investigates.
● Clinical and Counseling Four Attitudes that are essential to
Psychology the scientific approach:
Diagnose and treat people 1. Curiosity
with psychological problems. 2. Skepticism
Personal and career issues. 3. Objectivity
● Psychiatry 4. Willingness to think critically
A branch of medicine that 5 Steps in the Scientific Method
tackles abnormal behavior 1. Observing some Phenomenon
and psychotherapy. 2. Formulating Hypotheses and
Psychiatrists can prescribe predictions.
drugs. 3. Testing through empirical
● Cognitive Psychology research.
Examines attention, 4. Drawing Conclusions.
consciousness, information 5. Evaluating Conclusions.
processing storage, and Types of Research
memory. Problem-solving, ● Descriptive Research
decision-making, expertise ● describes data and
and intelligence. characteristics of a subject
being studied. This includes
● Industrial and observation, surveys and
Organizational Psychology interviews, standardized tests,
focus is on personnel and and case studies.
human resource management, a. Observation
as social and group influences b. Survey and Interviews
of the organization. c. Standardized tests
● Educational Psychology d. Case Studies (i.e. person’s
psychology in the school goal, hopes, fantasies, fears,
setting like testing, conducting experiences, and family
relationships.)
3
, CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY
Introduction to Psychology
BS Psychology | Sammer | Dash 4
● Correlation Research
Refers to studies that are
concerned with identifying the
relationships between two or
more variables to describe
how these variables change
together.
● Experiment Research
❖ Casual statements, a
cause b…
❖ An independent variable
is an independently
manipulated
experimental factor. It is
a potential cause.
❖ A dependent variable is
a factor that can
change in an
experiment in response
to changes in the
independent variable.
4
Introduction to Psychology
BS Psychology | Sammer | Dash 4
Psychology REMEMBER!!!
● From Greek word P. I. D. U. M
“Psyche” - Mind, Spirit, Predict, Interpret, Describe,
Behavior. Understand, Manipulate.
“Logos” - Study of… Schools of Psychology
● Refers to the scientific study Structuralism
of behavior and mental ● Wilhelm Wundt
processes. ● Set up the first Psychology
Classification of Behavior Laboratory in 1879.
Overt ● Aims to study the building
● Behavior that can be blocks of the mind.
observed by anyone, Such as ● Uses Introspection on
talking, facial expressions, and understanding What is inside
movement. the mind.
Covert Functionalism
● type of behavior that is ● William James
known to the individual ● Focuses on what the mind
performing only. These are does and how behavior
activities of our minds such as functions.
thinking, feeling, and ● He was looking at what was
remembering going on inside a person’s
Goals of Psychology head and its interaction with
Description the outside world.
● To be able to label the Psychoanalytic Approach
situation or phenomenon. ● Sigmund Freud
Explanation ● Believed that early
● Behavior is being understood relationships with parents are
by explaining it. the main forces that shape an
Prediction individual’s personality.
● Refers to determining what ● focuses on the sexual and
will happen in the future. aggressive impulses of people
Control/ Manipulate and how it is affecting
● To be able to Modify the behavior.
Behavior from undesirable to ● Unconscious Mind.
desirable.
1
,CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY
Introduction to Psychology
BS Psychology | Sammer | Dash 4
Gestalt Psychology ● People have free will and the
● Founded by Max Wertheimer freedom to chart their destiny.
in early 1900. Biopsychosocial Perspective
● Believed that “ The whole/ ● Theorized by psychiatrist
sum is greater than its parts…” George Engel.
● Means that when basic ● Human and animal behavior is
elements that compose our seen as a direct result of
perception of objects are events in the body.
considered together, they ● Hormones, heredity, and
produce something greater diseases are the biological
and more meaningful than causes of behavior.
those individual elements Areas in Psychology
alone. Pure Psychology
Behaviorism ● Developmental Psychology
● Ivan Pavlov and JB Watson Studies the Individual from
● Classical conditioning VS. conception to death (stage in
Operant conditioning life).
● Focus on the Behavior that is ❖ Ovum, Embryo, fetus-
directly observed. Prenatal (Before Death)
● Believe that to understand ❖ Birth, infancy, babyhood
behavior, one must observe it. (early and late),
Modern Approaches in Psychology childhood (early and
Cognitive Approach late), puberty,
● focuses on how people think, adolescence, adulthood,
remember, store, and use middle age, old age,
information. and death.
● Individual’s mental processes ● Social Psychology
are in control of behavior focus is on social interactions,
through memories, influences, individual and
perceptions, images, and group thinking, individual and
thinking. group behavior, and the
Humanistic Approach formation of attitudes.
● Founded by Abraham Maslow
and Carl Rogers
2
,CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY
Introduction to Psychology
BS Psychology | Sammer | Dash 4
● Abnormal Psychology examinations, interpreting
focus is on mental disorders tests, and test construction.
(e.g. dementia, schizophrenia, Scientific Method
delusions, phobias, ● Science is not defined by what
maladjustments, etc.) it investigates but by how it
Applied Psychology investigates.
● Clinical and Counseling Four Attitudes that are essential to
Psychology the scientific approach:
Diagnose and treat people 1. Curiosity
with psychological problems. 2. Skepticism
Personal and career issues. 3. Objectivity
● Psychiatry 4. Willingness to think critically
A branch of medicine that 5 Steps in the Scientific Method
tackles abnormal behavior 1. Observing some Phenomenon
and psychotherapy. 2. Formulating Hypotheses and
Psychiatrists can prescribe predictions.
drugs. 3. Testing through empirical
● Cognitive Psychology research.
Examines attention, 4. Drawing Conclusions.
consciousness, information 5. Evaluating Conclusions.
processing storage, and Types of Research
memory. Problem-solving, ● Descriptive Research
decision-making, expertise ● describes data and
and intelligence. characteristics of a subject
being studied. This includes
● Industrial and observation, surveys and
Organizational Psychology interviews, standardized tests,
focus is on personnel and and case studies.
human resource management, a. Observation
as social and group influences b. Survey and Interviews
of the organization. c. Standardized tests
● Educational Psychology d. Case Studies (i.e. person’s
psychology in the school goal, hopes, fantasies, fears,
setting like testing, conducting experiences, and family
relationships.)
3
, CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY
Introduction to Psychology
BS Psychology | Sammer | Dash 4
● Correlation Research
Refers to studies that are
concerned with identifying the
relationships between two or
more variables to describe
how these variables change
together.
● Experiment Research
❖ Casual statements, a
cause b…
❖ An independent variable
is an independently
manipulated
experimental factor. It is
a potential cause.
❖ A dependent variable is
a factor that can
change in an
experiment in response
to changes in the
independent variable.
4
