1
NU
NU606/ NU 606 E XAM 3: (2024/ 2025 UPDATE)
ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY REVIEW| QS & AS| GRADE
A| 100% CORRECT (VERIFIED ANSWERS) –
Cerebellum Damage - ANS ✓1. Vestibulocerebellar Damage: difficulty
maintaining posture
2. Cerebellar Ataxia: staggering, lurching, uncontrolled gait
3. Cerebellar Tremor: rhythmic back & forth, inability to make smooth
corrections in movements
Basal Ganglia - ANS ✓structures in the forebrain that help to control movement
basal ganglia diagram - ANS ✓inhibits and modulates movement patterns that
are learned (not innate) ex. Tying your shoe
cerebellum diagram - ANS ✓
Basal Ganglia Dysfunction - ANS ✓Tremors
Tics
Hypokinetic disorders
Hyperkinetic disorders
- Chorea: jerky movements
- Dystonia: rigidity
Which disease is a result of basal ganglia dysfunction?
NU606/ NU
, 2
NU
A. Myasthenia gravis
B. Multiple sclerosis
C. Polio
D. Tourette syndrome - ANS ✓D. Tourette syndrome
The tics and hyperkinesia that often accompany Tourette syndrome are typical of
basal ganglion dysfunction (the function of the basal ganglia is movement
control).
Tourette syndrome - ANS ✓involuntary, spasmodic, twitching movements;
uncontrollable vocal sounds; and inappropriate words
- manifests around 2-15 y.o.
- average age of onset: 6 y.o.
males 4x more likely to get it
Parkinsonism Characteristics - ANS ✓- tremor
- rigidity
- bradykinesia
- loss of postural reflexes
- autonomic system dysfunction
- dementia
Parkinson's Disease - ANS ✓- Dr. Parkinson discovered in 1800s
- slow progressive disease
- Dopaminergic neurons die in the motor track in the substantia nigra in the basal
ganglia
-NOT ENOUGH DOPAMINE
rest tremor - ANS ✓Parkinsonian tremor ("pill rolling")
NU606/ NU
, 3
NU
Most obvious when the limb is fully supported and at rest
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) - ANS ✓condition of progressive
deterioration of motor nerve cells resulting in total loss of voluntary muscle
control; symptoms advance from muscle weakness in the arms and legs, to the
muscles of speech, swallowing, and breathing, to total paralysis and death; also
known as Lou Gehrig disease
- AFFECTS BOTH UPPER AND LOWER MOTOR NEURONS -
Multiple Sclerosis - ANS ✓- damage to upper motor neurons
- Autoimmune destruction of myelin coating on axons
- demyelination of white matter in CNS
- Body produces autoantibodies that attacks the myelin and causes slow action
potentials and eventually conduction block
- more women have it than men
Which disorder is caused by damage to both upper and lower motor neurons?
A. ALS
B. MS
C. Myasthenia gravis
D. Parkinson - ANS ✓A. ALS
Rationale: Also known as Lou Gehrig disease, ALS is the result of damage to both
upper and lower motor neurons. Typical S/S include weakness, lack of motor
control, denervation atrophy, and hyporeflexia.
Spinal Cord Injury: Spinal Shock - ANS ✓IMMEDIATE RESPONSE to cord injury
that occurs 30-60 minutes post injury
NU606/ NU
, 4
NU
Temporary or complete loss of function below injury
primary neurologic injury - ANS ✓trauma, laceration, contusion
Irreversible damage to neurons from hemorrhage and/or edema
Necrosis of neural tissue
secondary neurologic injury - ANS ✓follows with further progressive spread of
injury. Spread is usually 2 sections above and below primary injury.
- release of vasoactive agents & enzymes, ischemia and edema
- Vasospasm from NE, serotonin, histamine
- Enzymes breakdown proteins, increase demyelination and necrosis
Autonomic Dysreflexia - ANS ✓patients with spinal cord injuries are at risk for
developing autonomic dysreflexia (T-6 or above)
can cause stroke, cardiac arrest, retinal hemorrhage
Hypertension, bradycardia, constriction of peripheral blood vessels
Why does autonomic dysreflexia occur? - ANS ✓The sympathetic NS responds to
stimuli inappropriately because it doesn't have communication with visceral
motor nuclei (hypothalamus) to regulate it's function
caused by an irritant (burns, blocked catheter, etc.) below the level of injury
Complete Spinal Cord Injury - ANS ✓injury in which there is complete loss of
sensation and muscle control below the level of the injury
NU606/ NU
NU
NU606/ NU 606 E XAM 3: (2024/ 2025 UPDATE)
ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY REVIEW| QS & AS| GRADE
A| 100% CORRECT (VERIFIED ANSWERS) –
Cerebellum Damage - ANS ✓1. Vestibulocerebellar Damage: difficulty
maintaining posture
2. Cerebellar Ataxia: staggering, lurching, uncontrolled gait
3. Cerebellar Tremor: rhythmic back & forth, inability to make smooth
corrections in movements
Basal Ganglia - ANS ✓structures in the forebrain that help to control movement
basal ganglia diagram - ANS ✓inhibits and modulates movement patterns that
are learned (not innate) ex. Tying your shoe
cerebellum diagram - ANS ✓
Basal Ganglia Dysfunction - ANS ✓Tremors
Tics
Hypokinetic disorders
Hyperkinetic disorders
- Chorea: jerky movements
- Dystonia: rigidity
Which disease is a result of basal ganglia dysfunction?
NU606/ NU
, 2
NU
A. Myasthenia gravis
B. Multiple sclerosis
C. Polio
D. Tourette syndrome - ANS ✓D. Tourette syndrome
The tics and hyperkinesia that often accompany Tourette syndrome are typical of
basal ganglion dysfunction (the function of the basal ganglia is movement
control).
Tourette syndrome - ANS ✓involuntary, spasmodic, twitching movements;
uncontrollable vocal sounds; and inappropriate words
- manifests around 2-15 y.o.
- average age of onset: 6 y.o.
males 4x more likely to get it
Parkinsonism Characteristics - ANS ✓- tremor
- rigidity
- bradykinesia
- loss of postural reflexes
- autonomic system dysfunction
- dementia
Parkinson's Disease - ANS ✓- Dr. Parkinson discovered in 1800s
- slow progressive disease
- Dopaminergic neurons die in the motor track in the substantia nigra in the basal
ganglia
-NOT ENOUGH DOPAMINE
rest tremor - ANS ✓Parkinsonian tremor ("pill rolling")
NU606/ NU
, 3
NU
Most obvious when the limb is fully supported and at rest
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) - ANS ✓condition of progressive
deterioration of motor nerve cells resulting in total loss of voluntary muscle
control; symptoms advance from muscle weakness in the arms and legs, to the
muscles of speech, swallowing, and breathing, to total paralysis and death; also
known as Lou Gehrig disease
- AFFECTS BOTH UPPER AND LOWER MOTOR NEURONS -
Multiple Sclerosis - ANS ✓- damage to upper motor neurons
- Autoimmune destruction of myelin coating on axons
- demyelination of white matter in CNS
- Body produces autoantibodies that attacks the myelin and causes slow action
potentials and eventually conduction block
- more women have it than men
Which disorder is caused by damage to both upper and lower motor neurons?
A. ALS
B. MS
C. Myasthenia gravis
D. Parkinson - ANS ✓A. ALS
Rationale: Also known as Lou Gehrig disease, ALS is the result of damage to both
upper and lower motor neurons. Typical S/S include weakness, lack of motor
control, denervation atrophy, and hyporeflexia.
Spinal Cord Injury: Spinal Shock - ANS ✓IMMEDIATE RESPONSE to cord injury
that occurs 30-60 minutes post injury
NU606/ NU
, 4
NU
Temporary or complete loss of function below injury
primary neurologic injury - ANS ✓trauma, laceration, contusion
Irreversible damage to neurons from hemorrhage and/or edema
Necrosis of neural tissue
secondary neurologic injury - ANS ✓follows with further progressive spread of
injury. Spread is usually 2 sections above and below primary injury.
- release of vasoactive agents & enzymes, ischemia and edema
- Vasospasm from NE, serotonin, histamine
- Enzymes breakdown proteins, increase demyelination and necrosis
Autonomic Dysreflexia - ANS ✓patients with spinal cord injuries are at risk for
developing autonomic dysreflexia (T-6 or above)
can cause stroke, cardiac arrest, retinal hemorrhage
Hypertension, bradycardia, constriction of peripheral blood vessels
Why does autonomic dysreflexia occur? - ANS ✓The sympathetic NS responds to
stimuli inappropriately because it doesn't have communication with visceral
motor nuclei (hypothalamus) to regulate it's function
caused by an irritant (burns, blocked catheter, etc.) below the level of injury
Complete Spinal Cord Injury - ANS ✓injury in which there is complete loss of
sensation and muscle control below the level of the injury
NU606/ NU
