Summary Genes, Cells & Evolution University of Queensland 2024 - All lectures week 1 - 12, all college notes, lots of visuals, exam test questions - 150 pages!

Genes, Cells & Evolution

Complete summary lectures week 1 - 12
Year: 2024
University of Queensland

 Tons of visuals
 All college notes from all lectures
 To the point in plain English
 Including test questions
 Basis: Biology - A Global Approach, Global Edition Neil A. Campbell
9781292341637 Pearson






,I had to reduce this content page greatly because it’s so much content. All weeks,
lectures and test questions are there. I could have done a better job making
headings…

,Summary of Lectures from Week 1 to Week 12

Introduction to Biology

 Natural wold is filled with forms of life
 Elements that unify all life on Earth
o Structural order
o Need of energy
o Ability to reproduce
 Matter is general term for the substance that make up all physical objects
 Energy is defined as the capacity to do work or cause change










 Taxonomy way to classify groups in biological systems
o Aristotle Father of Taxonomy
o Carl Linnaeus developed hierarchies based on morphological
characteristics and pioneer of the binomial nomenclature

, o DKPCOFGS
 Kingdom
 Phylum
 Class
 Order
 Family
 Genus
 Species
o Aristotle and Linnaeus operated under the Doctrine of fixed
species (that the species doesn’t change at all, it doesn’t develops)
o Lamarck refuted by use and disuse (don´t use it you lose it)
 Theory flawed Organism may change during its lifetime
(but difficult to pass)
 Theory of evolution by natural selection
o Darwin Theory
 Realize that life form weren’t fixed and that they evolve
 He saw the similarities of the embryos, family tree theory,
and when they evolve the species evolve and that all the
animals are related
 Evolution lead to Diversity and Unity
o Similarities in their skeletal structure
o Evolution is a conservative process, modifies the same basic design
again and again
o Existence of Homologies in which set of genes conserve and some
 Biological evolution is a process that results in heritable changes in
population over time
 Physical Traits and how are they inherited
o DNA
o Genes are encoded on DNAGenetic code consists of squences of just
3 bases (codons
o AT and CG

,
 Cells are the basic unit of life and cells can inherit or obtain DNA from other
cells
o Transduction
o Mitosis
o Meiosis
o Asexual and Sexual Reproduction
 Curious Facts about DNA – True or False
o Genes encode all the proteins necessary to make a human
o Our DNA code contains large amount of noncoding or junk
sequences
o The bigger the organism, the bigger the genome FALSE
o Four nucleotides make up the whole of the genetic code
 Basic Needs of a Cell to do the functions of life
o Enclose cellular contentscell membrane lipid bilayers (philic out
– loves / phobic in –hates ) semipermeable
o Control the flux of molecules
o Internal matrix
o Components to do jobs
o Use energy and storage ATP (respiration or photosynthesis)
o Heritable genetic information
 Types of Cells
o Prokaryotes NO nucleus
o EukaryotesYES nucleus




o

, Types of Cells Similarities Differences
Bacterial Plasma Membrane, No DNA inside
Cytoplasm, membrane,no internal
membranes, all its
floating
Animal and Proteins creation Membrane for DNA,
internal membranes to
allow cellular
processes, size
difference
Plant Same as above


Genetic Information

 Cells are the basic structural and function units of life
 Genetic information directs the development and functioning of each living
organism and viral particle
 Polymers enable the transmission and use of genetic information
 Nucleic acids are the organic polymers that store, transmit and interpret
genetic information
o DNA is a stranded molecule that stores and transmits genetic
information system. In Eukaryotic you can find DNA (nucleus,
mitochondria and chloroplasts)
o Organelle is a specialized cell structure that is often enclosed by a
membrane and located in the cytoplasm
o RNA is a single stranded molecule that functions in the interpretation
of the information storerd in DNA
 Nucleotides are monomers that conists of 3 smaller chemical groups:
phosphate group, five carbon sugar and a nitrogen containing organic base
o Adenine
o Guaninw
o Thymine
o Cytosine
o Uracil (RNA no T)
 Strong covalent chemical bonds bin the sugar group of one nucleotide to the
phosphate group
 AT with GC Weak hydrogen bonds between the base pairs hold the two
strands of the DNA molecule together

,
 Universal coding and variance between person and animals because of the
different arrangements
 Why is it so important that cells accurately processs genetic information?
o Proteins, which are derived from genetic information, form the
physical strcutures of cells and organisms
o Other protein function as chemical messengers, such as hormones or
enzymes, which catalyze all the biochemical reactions that maintain
life




o
 Transcription and Translation
o DNA sits in the nucleus
o Central Dogma Crick

,  DNA sections or genes, copy it to mRNA Transcription
(nucleus)
 Mrna move through nuclear pores, grabs a ribosome and
creates proteins Translation
o RNA polymerase will move down from left t tight and will coipy the
information or gene of the antisense strand
 Transcript A to U
 5 to 3
 Messenger RNA is the strand transcripted and the DNA
winds again as the beginning
o Translation
 mRNA moves around the ribosome flow thorugh it, every 3
ladder will code for 1 aminoacids
 Transfer RNA from the cytoplasm to the ribosome
 Trna gets the aminoacid and puts together the anticodon from
the aminoacid with the codon of the mRNA
 Put together all the aminoacis to produce proteins
o DNA to Mrna TAC AUG
o mRNA to Amino acid AUG met (Standard genetic code)
o UAA means stop, which means translation stops and the polypeptide
is done protein




Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins and Enzymes

 Cells are made up of macromolecules
o Carbohydrates
o Lipids

, o Proteins
o Nucleic acids
 Monomers from larger molecule called polymers through polymerisation.
Linking monomer together via dehydration
 The synthesis and Breakdown of Polymers
o Monomers form larger molecule called polymers through
polymerisation
 Linking monomer together via dehydration reactions







 Loose water and make a covalent bond





o
o Add water is breakind them apart
 Sugar is the building block of carbs
 Provide energy cellulose (polyssacharide) chitin as wel
 Sugars = saccharides
 1 sugar molecule glucose monosaccharide
 2 sugar molecule  disaccharide table sugar or sucrose
 3 to ten oligosaccharide
 A lot of them Polysaccharidesglycogen

,  Empirical Formula
o Carbohydrates CH2Oratio 1 to 2 to 1
 Monosaccharaides Examples
o Glucose
o Fructose
o Galactose
o Flow through our blood
o Three characteristics define how we classify monosaccharides
 The precise location of the carbonyl group
 The length of the carbon skeleton and
 The spatial arrangement of the hydroxyl groups around
asymmetric car




o
 Ring is the stable form of glucose




o

 Disaccharides
o Two sugar molecules attached
o Glucose + fructose = sucrose
 When it enter into the body it must be first split up by a
enzyme called sucrose that will have as a result
monosaccharaides that the body can use