NM717 MODULE 6: NEWBORN EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE

NM717 MODULE 6: NEWBORN EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE What is renal agenesis? failure of kidney formation; unilateral- 1/1000, male, ass. with single umbilical artery and bilateral- 1/3000, ass. oligohydramnios, most die shortly after birth-3months What is patent arachus? perisitence of fetal opening between the bladder and umbilical cord, may appear as a dimple or indentation in the base of the umbilical cord, repair surgically What is hydronephrosis? most common, accumulation of urine within the renal pelvis, 1/100 or 1/500 pregnancies, classified in grades of 1-V, many cases resolve spont. kidney damage can occur in severe cases What is horse-shoe kidney and incidence? 1/400-800 births, poles of kidney are fused, predisposed to higher incidence of hydronephrosis, stone formation, infection, certain CAs What is exstrophy of the bladder and management? exposure of bladder on outside of abdominal wall, complicated by ass. genitourinary anomalies, rare, repaired surgically What is hypospadius and incidence? 1/300 male births, urethral opening on ventral aspect of penis, 3 types, penis is often underdeveloped and curved ventrally (chordee), circumcision is contraindicated; rare in females with urethral opening in vagina Describe the types of hypospadius. Subcoronal: urethral opening near head of penis Midshaft: urethral opening along penal shaft Penoscrotal: urethral opening where penis and scrotum meet What is epispadias? Congenital absence of anterior urehtral wall, urethral opening on dorsal surface of penis, must be surgically repaired What is cleft lip and palate, incidence and management? 1/500-2500, incomplete fusion of lip, palate or lip and palate, interference with feeding and weight gain, surgical repair, sometimes ass. with other abnormalities What is esophageal atresia and s/sx? abnormal development of esophagus ending in a blind pouch; s/s drooling, poor feeding with reflux, acute resp. distress and cyanosis with feeding What is tracheo-esophageal fistula and s/sx? abnormal development of esophagus and trachea with a fistula in between; s/s drooling, poor feeding with reflux, acute resp. distress and cyanosis with feeding; surgical repair with good prognosis What is pyloric stenosis, incidence, s/sx and management? 1-3/1000; in male infants, obstruction of the distal end of the stomach, s/s: vomiting, visible gastric peristalsis, constipation; often not noticed till 2 weeks old; surgical repair has good outcomes What is Diaphragmatic hernia, s/sx and management? herniation of abdominal contents into the thoracic cavity, displacement of heart and lungs; s/s: resp. distress, scaphoid abdomen, lung sounds in left of chest and heart sounds on right; tx: emergent tx, endotracheal intubation with PPV- no bag mask ventilation, feeding tube to low suction, surgical repair What is gastroschisis and management? defect of the abdominal wall with evisceration of abdominal organ (uncovered organs next to umbilicus); rare, ass. with other anomalies, infection, hypothermia, dehydration ; tx at birth: cover with sterile saline soaked gauze and then plastic, no oral intake, IV hydration, GT to compress gut, surgical repair What is omphalocele and management? 1/3000-1/6000 births, males, herniation of abdominal viscera through umbilical ring (usually covered with membranes, ass. with other anomalies; tx at birth: cover with sterile saline soaked gauze and then plastic, no oral intake, IV hydration, GT to compress gut, surgical repair What is Spina Bifida oculta, incidence, s/sx and management? failure of the halves of the vertebral arch to fuse; occurs 5-10% of population, minor anomaly of the spine, usually no clinical symptoms, diagnosed by radiography, spinal cord and nerves are normal, occasionally indicated by tuft of hair What is meningocele? extrusion of meninges and cerebrospinal fluid, bony defect What is myleomeningocele? extrusion of spinal cord; loss of sensory and motor function, surgical repair, position prone What is anencephaly, incidence, diagnostic test and management? partial absence of the brain; may be ass. with spina bifida; dx testing: u/s; 0.2/1000; incompatible with life (75%) are still born, supportive management What are causes and clinical signs of microcephaly? causes: abnormal development of CNS, genetic, environmental (ETOH, CMV, radiation), clinical signs: small brain and calvaria (face is normal size), gross mental retardation What are causes and clinical signs of hydrocephaly? impaired circulation and absorption of CSF, possible increase production of CSF; s/s: enlargement of head may or may not be present, separated sutures, bulging tense fontanelles, high pitched cry, downward deviation of e