Instructors Manual For
Essen�als of Biology, 7 th
Edi�on By Sylvia Mader,
Michael Windelspecht
(All Chapters 100%
Original Verified A+
Grade)
,Chapter 01—Biology: The Science of Lifae
Mader: Essentials of Biology, 7e
Instructor’s Manual
Chapter 1 Biology: The Science of Life
Learning Outcomes
1.1 The Characteristics of Life
1. Explain the basic characteristics that are common to all living organisms.
2. Distinguish between the levels of biological organization.
3. Summarize how the terms homeostasis, metabolism, and adaptation relate to all living
organisms.
4. Contrast chemical cycling and energy flow within an ecosystem.
1.2 Evolution: The Core Concept of Biology
1. Define the term evolution.
2. Explain the process of natural selection and its relationship to evolutionary processes.
3. Summarize the general characteristics of the domains and major kingdoms of life.
1.3 Science: A Way of Knowing
1. Identify the steps of the scientific method.
2. Describe the basic requirements for a controlled experiment.
3. Distinguish between a theory and a hypothesis.
1.4 Challenges Facing Science
1. Distinguish between science and technology.
2. Summarize some of the major challenges currently facing science.
Extended Lecture Outline
© McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
,Chapter 01—Biology: The Science of Lifae
1.1 The Characteristics of Life
Living organisms are organized from the cell as the basic unit of life to tissues, organs, and
organ systems. Organisms are further organized through populations, communities,
ecosystems, and the biosphere. Species are defined as interbreeding individuals that
produce viable and fertile offspring.
Life Requires Materials and Energy
All life needs the input of energy beginning with the capture of solar energy by
photosynthetic organisms (producers) such as plants. Energy is the capacity to do work,
which is necessary to maintain organization. Metabolism refers to all chemical reactions
that occur in a cell, and photosynthesis refers to the transformation of solar energy to
chemical energy in nutrient molecules. Energy flows from the sun to photosynthetic
organisms and then to other members of a food chain as they feed. As energy is transferred
from one organism to the next, some energy is lost as heat. Death and decomposition enable
inorganic nutrients to be reused by producers.
Living Organisms Maintain an Internal Environment
Living organisms need to keep themselves stable in temperature, moisture level, acidity, and
other factors that are critical to maintaining life. The maintenance of internal conditions
within certain boundaries is called homeostasis.
Living Organisms Respond
All living organisms respond in some fashion to their environment.
Living Organisms Reproduce and Develop
All living organisms produce offspring, passing on genes (located on DNA) that control how
the offspring develops. This process is called reproduction.
© McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
, Chapter 01—Biology: The Science of Lifae
Living Organisms Have Adaptations
Living organisms have adaptations that enable them to survive in certain environments.
Evolution is the process by which species become adapted to their environments.
1.2 Evolution: The Core Concept of Biology
All organisms share the same basic characteristics, suggesting that they share a common
ancestor—the first cell or cells. Changes in a population occur over time and passing on
those changes to the next generation takes place when evolution occurs.
Natural Selection and Evolutionary Processes
Natural selection, proposed by Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace, is the mechanism
by which evolution occurs. Adaptations that result in greater reproductive success appear
more frequently in a population as evolution takes place. Through evolution (common
descent with modification), one species can be the common ancestor to multiple species,
each of which has adaptations suited to a specific environment.
The overuse of antibiotics serves as a selective agent for bacteria resistant to the antibiotics,
leading to an increased number of bacteria that are resistant and a greater number of
infections that cannot be treated with once-effective antibiotics.
Organizing the Diversity of Life
Taxonomy involves identifying and classifying organisms, and systematics involves
determining the evolutionary relationship between organisms.
Classification includes species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, supergroup, and
domain from the least inclusive to the most inclusive. Three domains exist based on
biochemical evidence; they are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Bacteria and Archaea
contain prokaryotes. Eukarya contains four kingdoms, protists, fungi, plants, and animals.
Protists are very diverse, and supergroups are used to describe evolutionary relationships
between protists and the other three kingdoms. Organisms are identified using scientifically
based binomial names.
1.3 Science: A Way of Knowing
The scientific method is typically used to study the natural world.
Start with an Observation
Observation, the first step in the scientific method, includes an individual’s observations, as
© McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Essen�als of Biology, 7 th
Edi�on By Sylvia Mader,
Michael Windelspecht
(All Chapters 100%
Original Verified A+
Grade)
,Chapter 01—Biology: The Science of Lifae
Mader: Essentials of Biology, 7e
Instructor’s Manual
Chapter 1 Biology: The Science of Life
Learning Outcomes
1.1 The Characteristics of Life
1. Explain the basic characteristics that are common to all living organisms.
2. Distinguish between the levels of biological organization.
3. Summarize how the terms homeostasis, metabolism, and adaptation relate to all living
organisms.
4. Contrast chemical cycling and energy flow within an ecosystem.
1.2 Evolution: The Core Concept of Biology
1. Define the term evolution.
2. Explain the process of natural selection and its relationship to evolutionary processes.
3. Summarize the general characteristics of the domains and major kingdoms of life.
1.3 Science: A Way of Knowing
1. Identify the steps of the scientific method.
2. Describe the basic requirements for a controlled experiment.
3. Distinguish between a theory and a hypothesis.
1.4 Challenges Facing Science
1. Distinguish between science and technology.
2. Summarize some of the major challenges currently facing science.
Extended Lecture Outline
© McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
,Chapter 01—Biology: The Science of Lifae
1.1 The Characteristics of Life
Living organisms are organized from the cell as the basic unit of life to tissues, organs, and
organ systems. Organisms are further organized through populations, communities,
ecosystems, and the biosphere. Species are defined as interbreeding individuals that
produce viable and fertile offspring.
Life Requires Materials and Energy
All life needs the input of energy beginning with the capture of solar energy by
photosynthetic organisms (producers) such as plants. Energy is the capacity to do work,
which is necessary to maintain organization. Metabolism refers to all chemical reactions
that occur in a cell, and photosynthesis refers to the transformation of solar energy to
chemical energy in nutrient molecules. Energy flows from the sun to photosynthetic
organisms and then to other members of a food chain as they feed. As energy is transferred
from one organism to the next, some energy is lost as heat. Death and decomposition enable
inorganic nutrients to be reused by producers.
Living Organisms Maintain an Internal Environment
Living organisms need to keep themselves stable in temperature, moisture level, acidity, and
other factors that are critical to maintaining life. The maintenance of internal conditions
within certain boundaries is called homeostasis.
Living Organisms Respond
All living organisms respond in some fashion to their environment.
Living Organisms Reproduce and Develop
All living organisms produce offspring, passing on genes (located on DNA) that control how
the offspring develops. This process is called reproduction.
© McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
, Chapter 01—Biology: The Science of Lifae
Living Organisms Have Adaptations
Living organisms have adaptations that enable them to survive in certain environments.
Evolution is the process by which species become adapted to their environments.
1.2 Evolution: The Core Concept of Biology
All organisms share the same basic characteristics, suggesting that they share a common
ancestor—the first cell or cells. Changes in a population occur over time and passing on
those changes to the next generation takes place when evolution occurs.
Natural Selection and Evolutionary Processes
Natural selection, proposed by Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace, is the mechanism
by which evolution occurs. Adaptations that result in greater reproductive success appear
more frequently in a population as evolution takes place. Through evolution (common
descent with modification), one species can be the common ancestor to multiple species,
each of which has adaptations suited to a specific environment.
The overuse of antibiotics serves as a selective agent for bacteria resistant to the antibiotics,
leading to an increased number of bacteria that are resistant and a greater number of
infections that cannot be treated with once-effective antibiotics.
Organizing the Diversity of Life
Taxonomy involves identifying and classifying organisms, and systematics involves
determining the evolutionary relationship between organisms.
Classification includes species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, supergroup, and
domain from the least inclusive to the most inclusive. Three domains exist based on
biochemical evidence; they are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Bacteria and Archaea
contain prokaryotes. Eukarya contains four kingdoms, protists, fungi, plants, and animals.
Protists are very diverse, and supergroups are used to describe evolutionary relationships
between protists and the other three kingdoms. Organisms are identified using scientifically
based binomial names.
1.3 Science: A Way of Knowing
The scientific method is typically used to study the natural world.
Start with an Observation
Observation, the first step in the scientific method, includes an individual’s observations, as
© McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
