SPCE 630 Midterm Exam: Questions/Answers (100%
Correct)
Inconsistent implementation of condition protocols refers to which threat
to internal validity? Right Ans - Procedural Infidelity
Which level of scientific understanding includes observation and accurate
description of phenomena? Right Ans - Description
Which level of scientific understanding refers to observing the correlation
between two variables? Right Ans - Prediction
Which level of scientific understanding refers to reliable change produced
by change in the independent variable? Right Ans - Control
Single case research design differs from group design in that the
participant serves as their own: Right Ans - Control
Articles in which researchers report the findings of original research are:
Right Ans - Primary Research
Articles in which the authors summarize the findings of other researchers
are: Right Ans - Review Articles
Articles that report statistical analyses from existing research are: Right
Ans - Meta Analyses
Variables manipulated by researchers are known as: Right Ans -
Independent Variables
Applied Research Right Ans - Systematic investigation related to the
pursuit of knowledge in practical realms or to solve real-world problems.
6 Attitudes of Science Right Ans - 1. Determinism
2. Empiricism
3. Experimentation
4. Replication
5. Parsimony
,6. Philosophic doubt
Variables we expect to change given the manipulation Right Ans -
Dependent
Evidence-based practice Right Ans - Intervention procedures that have
been scientifically verified as being effective for changing a specific
behavior of interest, under given conditions, and for particular
participants.
Reliability Right Ans - Consistency
Ensure reliability by... Right Ans - Defining target behavior so that two
independent observers consistently agree
Internal Validity Right Ans - The extent to which an experiment shows
convincingly that changes in behavior are a function of the independent
variable and not the result of unknown or uncontrolled variables.
External Validity Right Ans - The degree to which a study's findings have
generality to other subjects, settings, and/or behaviors.
Functional Relation Right Ans - Change in the dependent variable is
causally related to the implementation of the independent variable.
Validity Right Ans - Accuracy
Threats to Internal Validity Right Ans - 1. History
2. Maturation
3. Testing
4. Instrumentation
5. Procedural indedelity
6. Selection bias
7. Multiple treatment interference
8. Data instability
9. Cyclical variability
10. Regression to mean
11. Adaptation
12. Hawthorne Effect
, History Right Ans - Events that occur during an experiment, but that are
not related to planned procedural changes, that may influence the outcome.
Maturation Right Ans - changes in behavior due to the passage of time
Testing Right Ans - Threat in any study that requires participants to
respond to the same test repeatedly, especially during a baseline or probe
condition.
Likelihood that repeated assessment task will result in participant
behavior change.
Instrumentation Right Ans - Refers to concerns with measurement
system
Procedural Infidelity Right Ans - lack of adherence to condition
protocols by study implementers
Selection Bias Right Ans - Choosing participants in a way that
differentially impacts the inclusion or retention of participants in a study,
when compared to the "population" of interest.
Attrition Right Ans - Loss of participants during the course of the study,
limiting generality of findings
Attrition bias Right Ans - Likelihood that participant loss (attrition)
impacts the outcome of the study
Sampling bias Right Ans - Occurs when researchers use additional, non-
explicated, reasons for including or excluding potential participants.
Multiple Treatment Interference Right Ans - occurs when a study's
participant's behavior by more than one treatment or intervention over the
course of a study.
Data Instability Right Ans - amount of variability in data over time
Correct)
Inconsistent implementation of condition protocols refers to which threat
to internal validity? Right Ans - Procedural Infidelity
Which level of scientific understanding includes observation and accurate
description of phenomena? Right Ans - Description
Which level of scientific understanding refers to observing the correlation
between two variables? Right Ans - Prediction
Which level of scientific understanding refers to reliable change produced
by change in the independent variable? Right Ans - Control
Single case research design differs from group design in that the
participant serves as their own: Right Ans - Control
Articles in which researchers report the findings of original research are:
Right Ans - Primary Research
Articles in which the authors summarize the findings of other researchers
are: Right Ans - Review Articles
Articles that report statistical analyses from existing research are: Right
Ans - Meta Analyses
Variables manipulated by researchers are known as: Right Ans -
Independent Variables
Applied Research Right Ans - Systematic investigation related to the
pursuit of knowledge in practical realms or to solve real-world problems.
6 Attitudes of Science Right Ans - 1. Determinism
2. Empiricism
3. Experimentation
4. Replication
5. Parsimony
,6. Philosophic doubt
Variables we expect to change given the manipulation Right Ans -
Dependent
Evidence-based practice Right Ans - Intervention procedures that have
been scientifically verified as being effective for changing a specific
behavior of interest, under given conditions, and for particular
participants.
Reliability Right Ans - Consistency
Ensure reliability by... Right Ans - Defining target behavior so that two
independent observers consistently agree
Internal Validity Right Ans - The extent to which an experiment shows
convincingly that changes in behavior are a function of the independent
variable and not the result of unknown or uncontrolled variables.
External Validity Right Ans - The degree to which a study's findings have
generality to other subjects, settings, and/or behaviors.
Functional Relation Right Ans - Change in the dependent variable is
causally related to the implementation of the independent variable.
Validity Right Ans - Accuracy
Threats to Internal Validity Right Ans - 1. History
2. Maturation
3. Testing
4. Instrumentation
5. Procedural indedelity
6. Selection bias
7. Multiple treatment interference
8. Data instability
9. Cyclical variability
10. Regression to mean
11. Adaptation
12. Hawthorne Effect
, History Right Ans - Events that occur during an experiment, but that are
not related to planned procedural changes, that may influence the outcome.
Maturation Right Ans - changes in behavior due to the passage of time
Testing Right Ans - Threat in any study that requires participants to
respond to the same test repeatedly, especially during a baseline or probe
condition.
Likelihood that repeated assessment task will result in participant
behavior change.
Instrumentation Right Ans - Refers to concerns with measurement
system
Procedural Infidelity Right Ans - lack of adherence to condition
protocols by study implementers
Selection Bias Right Ans - Choosing participants in a way that
differentially impacts the inclusion or retention of participants in a study,
when compared to the "population" of interest.
Attrition Right Ans - Loss of participants during the course of the study,
limiting generality of findings
Attrition bias Right Ans - Likelihood that participant loss (attrition)
impacts the outcome of the study
Sampling bias Right Ans - Occurs when researchers use additional, non-
explicated, reasons for including or excluding potential participants.
Multiple Treatment Interference Right Ans - occurs when a study's
participant's behavior by more than one treatment or intervention over the
course of a study.
Data Instability Right Ans - amount of variability in data over time
