SPCE 630 Final Exam Prep, SPCE 630: Questions And
Correct Answers (100%)
Visual analysis of graphed data Right Ans - is the cornerstone of and
most frequently used data analysis method in SCD research, particularly for
determining whether a study demonstrates experimental control.
involves systematic procedures used to evaluate specific characteristics of
data patterns and evaluate the presence of a functional relation.
Advantages of visual analysis Right Ans - -can be used to evaluate data
of individuals or small groups depending on the unit of analysis specified in
the research question.
-data are collected repeatedly, graphed as they are collected, and analyzed
frequently
-focuses on analysis of individual data patterns
-discovery of potentially interesting findings that may not be directly
related to the original research question or program objective.
-graphic presentation of data permits independent analysis and
interpretation of results
Formative visual analysis Right Ans - conducted within and across
conditions to identify behavior change during the course of a study.
Behavior change Right Ans - occurs when data patterns in one condition
are different from data patterns in the subsequent, adjacent condition for
the same variable(s).
Summative visual analysis Right Ans - conducted following study
completion, across multiple opportunities to demonstrate behavior change
to determine whether a functional relation exists between the independent
variable and the dependent variable.
Adjacent conditions Right Ans - in SCD research, data patterns are
examined within and across adjacent conditions; when data in one
condition differ from what is predicted based on the preceding condition,
behavior change is demonstrated.
,Formative analysis is conducted in two steps Right Ans - 1. within and
across adjacent condition analyses
2. systematic examination of specific data characteristics
within condition visual analyses Right Ans - are conducted to discern
patterns within a single condition during a study. within condition visual
analyses of level, trend, and variability/stability are critical for determining
when to change conditions, deciding whether adaptations need to be made,
and providing information related to answering research questions.
beginning with the initial condition, typically baseline, you should look for
stability of data across a minimum of at least three to five sessions prior to
changing conditions.
condition change criteria Right Ans - should be made a priori based on
hypothesized data patterns. these criteria will guide both formative and
summative decisions about experimental control.
level Right Ans - refers to the amount of behavior that occurs, as
indicated by the ordinate scale value. the characteristic of highest interest
for behavior change, and is generally described as low, moderate, or high.
trend Right Ans - the slope and direction of a data series or the direction
data are moving over time. three characteristics can be described: trend
directions, trend magnitude, and trend stability.
trend direction Right Ans - referred to as accelerating, decelerating, or
zero celebrating. trend can further be characterized by magnitude, and is
often described as steep or gradual and paired with direction. also describe
whether the direction of a trend is improving (therapeutic) or deteriorating
(contra-therapeutic).
contra therapeutic trend Right Ans - represents a common data pattern
in SCD data that might occur within a condition and particularly prior to
the introduction of the independent variable. this refers to trends that are
in the opposite direction of the hypothesized direction of improvement and
can establish need for the intervention.
variability Right Ans - fluctuation from one data point to the next and is
the opposite of stability; in data with no trend, this can be summarized as
,the range of data values within a condition or as the percentage of data
points falling within a given stability envelope
stability Right Ans - is predictability and consistency of data values
within a condition. perceptions of this can be influenced by scales and
ranges of y axes.
between condition visual analysis Right Ans - the objective of this is to
identify if behavior change has occurred. in SCD research a particular
condition (B) is introduced and re-introduced to one (eg. A-B-A-B) or more
than one (multiple baseline design) data series to evaluate whether there is
a functional relation between independent and dependent variables.
functional relations Right Ans - are unequivocal demonstrations that an
independent variable produced reliable and consistent change in a
dependent variable. the purpose of SCD research is to determine if
behavior change occurs when the intervention is introduced, and whether
the behavior change can vive reliably replicated.
analysis of data across adjacent conditions entails determining: Right
Ans - a) changes in data patterns (level, trend, variability) b) immediacy of
change c) amount of overlapping data across adjacent conditions d)
consistency of data patterns across similar conditions
immediacy of change Right Ans - across adjacent conditions is the
degree to which behavior change occurs as soon as the intervention is
introduced. when a large change in level occurs immediately after
introduction of a new condition, it is referred to as an abrupt change in
level, which is indicative of an immediately powerful or immediately
effective intervention.
overlap Right Ans - refers to values of data in one condition that are in
the same range of values of data in the subsequent, adjacent condition.
consistency Right Ans - refers to the extent to which data patterns in
one condition are similar to data patterns in other conditions. confident
determination that a functional relation exists requires consistency in data
patterns between iterations of the same condition and inconsistency in
data patterns between different, adjacent conditions.
, potential demonstrations of effect Right Ans - a functional relation can
be identified when a) there is a sufficient number of this (three
opportunities to demonstrate behavior change contingent on condition
change) and b) visual analysis suggests that consistent changes in data
occur for all potential demonstrations
the presence of a functional relation can be confirmed when Right Ans -
a) there is a successful attempt to replicate effects of a condition b) similar
conditions generate similar levels and trends within (intra participant
replication) and across (inter participant replication) participants in a
study. a minimum of three demonstrations of behavior change is required
to establish experimental control
magnitude Right Ans - if a functional relation is present, this, or amount
of behavior change may be of interest. magnitude of effect is assessed by
comparing the amount and consistency of change across conditions and
cases within a study that is directly attributed to the intervention.
systematic process for conducting visual analysis Right Ans - 1.
adequate number of data points within conditions to establish data
patterns.
2. clear patterns within conditions in level, trend, or stability
3. behavior change between adjacent conditions in level, trend, and/or
variability
4. degree of overlap and immediacy of change in data patterns across
adjacent conditions
5. consistency of changes across conditions and cases
6. predicted patterns of change
7. magnitude of change across conditions and cases
visual analysis requires a plan Right Ans - a) deciding how often data
will be graphed
b) considering how data will be graphically displayed
c) determining which data characteristics will be the focus of within and
between condition analyses
d) identifying design related criteria that will impact visual analysis
Correct Answers (100%)
Visual analysis of graphed data Right Ans - is the cornerstone of and
most frequently used data analysis method in SCD research, particularly for
determining whether a study demonstrates experimental control.
involves systematic procedures used to evaluate specific characteristics of
data patterns and evaluate the presence of a functional relation.
Advantages of visual analysis Right Ans - -can be used to evaluate data
of individuals or small groups depending on the unit of analysis specified in
the research question.
-data are collected repeatedly, graphed as they are collected, and analyzed
frequently
-focuses on analysis of individual data patterns
-discovery of potentially interesting findings that may not be directly
related to the original research question or program objective.
-graphic presentation of data permits independent analysis and
interpretation of results
Formative visual analysis Right Ans - conducted within and across
conditions to identify behavior change during the course of a study.
Behavior change Right Ans - occurs when data patterns in one condition
are different from data patterns in the subsequent, adjacent condition for
the same variable(s).
Summative visual analysis Right Ans - conducted following study
completion, across multiple opportunities to demonstrate behavior change
to determine whether a functional relation exists between the independent
variable and the dependent variable.
Adjacent conditions Right Ans - in SCD research, data patterns are
examined within and across adjacent conditions; when data in one
condition differ from what is predicted based on the preceding condition,
behavior change is demonstrated.
,Formative analysis is conducted in two steps Right Ans - 1. within and
across adjacent condition analyses
2. systematic examination of specific data characteristics
within condition visual analyses Right Ans - are conducted to discern
patterns within a single condition during a study. within condition visual
analyses of level, trend, and variability/stability are critical for determining
when to change conditions, deciding whether adaptations need to be made,
and providing information related to answering research questions.
beginning with the initial condition, typically baseline, you should look for
stability of data across a minimum of at least three to five sessions prior to
changing conditions.
condition change criteria Right Ans - should be made a priori based on
hypothesized data patterns. these criteria will guide both formative and
summative decisions about experimental control.
level Right Ans - refers to the amount of behavior that occurs, as
indicated by the ordinate scale value. the characteristic of highest interest
for behavior change, and is generally described as low, moderate, or high.
trend Right Ans - the slope and direction of a data series or the direction
data are moving over time. three characteristics can be described: trend
directions, trend magnitude, and trend stability.
trend direction Right Ans - referred to as accelerating, decelerating, or
zero celebrating. trend can further be characterized by magnitude, and is
often described as steep or gradual and paired with direction. also describe
whether the direction of a trend is improving (therapeutic) or deteriorating
(contra-therapeutic).
contra therapeutic trend Right Ans - represents a common data pattern
in SCD data that might occur within a condition and particularly prior to
the introduction of the independent variable. this refers to trends that are
in the opposite direction of the hypothesized direction of improvement and
can establish need for the intervention.
variability Right Ans - fluctuation from one data point to the next and is
the opposite of stability; in data with no trend, this can be summarized as
,the range of data values within a condition or as the percentage of data
points falling within a given stability envelope
stability Right Ans - is predictability and consistency of data values
within a condition. perceptions of this can be influenced by scales and
ranges of y axes.
between condition visual analysis Right Ans - the objective of this is to
identify if behavior change has occurred. in SCD research a particular
condition (B) is introduced and re-introduced to one (eg. A-B-A-B) or more
than one (multiple baseline design) data series to evaluate whether there is
a functional relation between independent and dependent variables.
functional relations Right Ans - are unequivocal demonstrations that an
independent variable produced reliable and consistent change in a
dependent variable. the purpose of SCD research is to determine if
behavior change occurs when the intervention is introduced, and whether
the behavior change can vive reliably replicated.
analysis of data across adjacent conditions entails determining: Right
Ans - a) changes in data patterns (level, trend, variability) b) immediacy of
change c) amount of overlapping data across adjacent conditions d)
consistency of data patterns across similar conditions
immediacy of change Right Ans - across adjacent conditions is the
degree to which behavior change occurs as soon as the intervention is
introduced. when a large change in level occurs immediately after
introduction of a new condition, it is referred to as an abrupt change in
level, which is indicative of an immediately powerful or immediately
effective intervention.
overlap Right Ans - refers to values of data in one condition that are in
the same range of values of data in the subsequent, adjacent condition.
consistency Right Ans - refers to the extent to which data patterns in
one condition are similar to data patterns in other conditions. confident
determination that a functional relation exists requires consistency in data
patterns between iterations of the same condition and inconsistency in
data patterns between different, adjacent conditions.
, potential demonstrations of effect Right Ans - a functional relation can
be identified when a) there is a sufficient number of this (three
opportunities to demonstrate behavior change contingent on condition
change) and b) visual analysis suggests that consistent changes in data
occur for all potential demonstrations
the presence of a functional relation can be confirmed when Right Ans -
a) there is a successful attempt to replicate effects of a condition b) similar
conditions generate similar levels and trends within (intra participant
replication) and across (inter participant replication) participants in a
study. a minimum of three demonstrations of behavior change is required
to establish experimental control
magnitude Right Ans - if a functional relation is present, this, or amount
of behavior change may be of interest. magnitude of effect is assessed by
comparing the amount and consistency of change across conditions and
cases within a study that is directly attributed to the intervention.
systematic process for conducting visual analysis Right Ans - 1.
adequate number of data points within conditions to establish data
patterns.
2. clear patterns within conditions in level, trend, or stability
3. behavior change between adjacent conditions in level, trend, and/or
variability
4. degree of overlap and immediacy of change in data patterns across
adjacent conditions
5. consistency of changes across conditions and cases
6. predicted patterns of change
7. magnitude of change across conditions and cases
visual analysis requires a plan Right Ans - a) deciding how often data
will be graphed
b) considering how data will be graphically displayed
c) determining which data characteristics will be the focus of within and
between condition analyses
d) identifying design related criteria that will impact visual analysis
