CROP PRODUCTION & MANAGEMENT
1
CHAPTER
CONTENTS CROP SEASON
Crop In India there are two main crop seasons for
Crop Seasons
cultivating crops. These are known as rabi seasons
and Kharif season.
Agriculture Implements
Rabi Crops :
Basic Agricultural Practices
These crops are sown in the beginning of winter
i.e. between October and November, and
CROP harvested by March or April. These crops do not
depend on monsoon rains.
The plants which are grown by man in large
Exmaples : Wheat, barley, gram, potato, mustard.
numbers to get useful products are known as
crops. Kharif Crops :
Agriculture :
These crops are sown at the beginning of the
The
monsson seasons between June and July, and
process of growing crops on a large scale is
harvested by September or October. These crops
called agriculture.
depend on monsoon rains for growth.
Horticulture :
It is the process of growing fruits, vegetables & AGRICULTURE IMPLEMENTS
The tools which are used in cultivation of plant
ornamental plants.
are known as agricultureal implements.
Name of implement Uses Name of implement Uses
Khurpa For weeding Seed drill For sowing
Spade For digging Harrow For weeding
Sickle For harvesting
Wooden plough For tillage Combines For harvesting and
Iron plough For tillage threshin
Soil plank For breaking crums Sprayers For spraying
Leveller For leveling and insecticides
Pressing the soil
, BASIC AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES
All the activities which are involved in
cultivation of crops, from sowing to harvesting,
are known as agricultural practices.
PREPARATION OF THE SOIL
This is the first essential stage for cultivating any
crop plant. Preparation of soil involves the
following step – ploughing and digging, levelling Fig : SEED DRILL
and manuring.
Transplantation :
Ploughing and Digging :
The process of loosening and turning up of the
There are certain crops like paddy and some
vegetables for which seeds are not directly sown
soil is called tilling or ploughing. This is done by
in the field and then the seedlings are transferred
using a wooden or iron plough.
to the main field. This process is known as
Levelling : transplantation.
Soil, if ploughed in dry season, breaks into big
APPLYING MANURES AND FERTILISERS
mud pieces called crumbs. It is necessary to break
Crops absorb various nutrients from the soil
these crumbs with the help of a wooden plank or
through their roots. They are required for their
iron leveller. The field is levelled for sowing as
growth and development. The replenishment is
well as for irrigation.
done by adding mannures and fertilisers to the
Manuring : soil. This process is called manuring.
Mixing soil with manure is called manuring. Manures :
manure is usually added to the soil both before
Manures are natural, organic substances obtained
and after tilling. Adding manure before tilling
by the decomposition of animal wastes and plant
helps in proper mixing of manure with the soil.
residues. They supply essential nutrients and
SOWING humus to the soil and make it fertile. Manures are
of the three kinds : farm yard manure, compost
The process of putting seeds into the soil is called and green manure.
sowing.
Farm Yard Manure :
Methods of Sowing : It consists of cattle dung, urine, straw, leaves and
Seeds are sown in the field by any of the three other farmyard wastes.
methods described below. Compost :
Broadcasting : It is the manure obtained by the decomposition of
dead plants and animal wastes, sewage waste, etc.
Seeds are sown manually by directly scattering It is made by burying all available organic
them into the soil. This process is called material in a pit with alternative layers of soil and
broadcasting. leaving it to rot.
Seed Drills : Green Manure :
The other method is to use a seed drill. A simple
Green manure is formed by the decomposition of
fast growing leguminous plants like guar and
seed drill consists of an iron tube with a funnel at sunhemp. These plants are grown and ploughed
the top attached to the plough. back into the soil.
1
CHAPTER
CONTENTS CROP SEASON
Crop In India there are two main crop seasons for
Crop Seasons
cultivating crops. These are known as rabi seasons
and Kharif season.
Agriculture Implements
Rabi Crops :
Basic Agricultural Practices
These crops are sown in the beginning of winter
i.e. between October and November, and
CROP harvested by March or April. These crops do not
depend on monsoon rains.
The plants which are grown by man in large
Exmaples : Wheat, barley, gram, potato, mustard.
numbers to get useful products are known as
crops. Kharif Crops :
Agriculture :
These crops are sown at the beginning of the
The
monsson seasons between June and July, and
process of growing crops on a large scale is
harvested by September or October. These crops
called agriculture.
depend on monsoon rains for growth.
Horticulture :
It is the process of growing fruits, vegetables & AGRICULTURE IMPLEMENTS
The tools which are used in cultivation of plant
ornamental plants.
are known as agricultureal implements.
Name of implement Uses Name of implement Uses
Khurpa For weeding Seed drill For sowing
Spade For digging Harrow For weeding
Sickle For harvesting
Wooden plough For tillage Combines For harvesting and
Iron plough For tillage threshin
Soil plank For breaking crums Sprayers For spraying
Leveller For leveling and insecticides
Pressing the soil
, BASIC AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES
All the activities which are involved in
cultivation of crops, from sowing to harvesting,
are known as agricultural practices.
PREPARATION OF THE SOIL
This is the first essential stage for cultivating any
crop plant. Preparation of soil involves the
following step – ploughing and digging, levelling Fig : SEED DRILL
and manuring.
Transplantation :
Ploughing and Digging :
The process of loosening and turning up of the
There are certain crops like paddy and some
vegetables for which seeds are not directly sown
soil is called tilling or ploughing. This is done by
in the field and then the seedlings are transferred
using a wooden or iron plough.
to the main field. This process is known as
Levelling : transplantation.
Soil, if ploughed in dry season, breaks into big
APPLYING MANURES AND FERTILISERS
mud pieces called crumbs. It is necessary to break
Crops absorb various nutrients from the soil
these crumbs with the help of a wooden plank or
through their roots. They are required for their
iron leveller. The field is levelled for sowing as
growth and development. The replenishment is
well as for irrigation.
done by adding mannures and fertilisers to the
Manuring : soil. This process is called manuring.
Mixing soil with manure is called manuring. Manures :
manure is usually added to the soil both before
Manures are natural, organic substances obtained
and after tilling. Adding manure before tilling
by the decomposition of animal wastes and plant
helps in proper mixing of manure with the soil.
residues. They supply essential nutrients and
SOWING humus to the soil and make it fertile. Manures are
of the three kinds : farm yard manure, compost
The process of putting seeds into the soil is called and green manure.
sowing.
Farm Yard Manure :
Methods of Sowing : It consists of cattle dung, urine, straw, leaves and
Seeds are sown in the field by any of the three other farmyard wastes.
methods described below. Compost :
Broadcasting : It is the manure obtained by the decomposition of
dead plants and animal wastes, sewage waste, etc.
Seeds are sown manually by directly scattering It is made by burying all available organic
them into the soil. This process is called material in a pit with alternative layers of soil and
broadcasting. leaving it to rot.
Seed Drills : Green Manure :
The other method is to use a seed drill. A simple
Green manure is formed by the decomposition of
fast growing leguminous plants like guar and
seed drill consists of an iron tube with a funnel at sunhemp. These plants are grown and ploughed
the top attached to the plough. back into the soil.
