HES 202 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST
UPDATE
what determines tactile acuity
receptive fields, density of receptors, representations within somatosensory cortex
Kinesthesis
conscious awareness of position and movement of the body in space
proprioception
Subconscious mechanism by which body is able to regulate posture & movement,
reflexive
4 major contributors to kinesthesis
1. Sense of position and movement of the limbs
2. sense of tension or force
3. sense of effort or heaviness
4. sensations of body image and posture
proprioceptive afference
signals generated by mechanoreceptors in response to stimulation that is produced as a
consequences of the positions and movements of body parts
ex-afference
external afference, generated from an external source unexpected, generated by
proprioceptors in response to external stimulation
re-afference
generated from your own movements. generated by proprioceptors in response to
internally generated stimulation
Vision is always ___
Dominance
How do we assess proprioception
1. matching tasks - 2 types - simultaneous and successive
2.discrimination task - move a limb into flexion or extenstion, participant is asked where
did their limbs move
proprioception sources
1. muscle spindles - length/velocity
2.golgi tendon organs- tension/force of muscle
3.joint - pressure-ligament forces-joint position
4.cutneous - length/velocity of skin stretch - movement onset/offset
which receptor types contribute to proprioception
muscle receptors, joint receptors and cutaneous receptors
tendon vibration
activates type 1As kinesthetic illusion eg.pinocchio effect
sensory dominance
conflict arises and brain choose one sensation over other sensory information
sensory dominance - rubber hand illusion
perceive fake limb to their actual limb
joint receptors
, may have role in proprioception - after joint replacement you have little to no evidence
of their joint position but if we increase or decrease the sensitivity of the joint receptors
you can feel something
lignocaine
joint receptor sensitivity decrease
dextran
joint receptor sensitivity increase (cause inflation in joint)
cutaneous receptor
-slowly adapting type 2 afferent - innervate ruffini receptors
Slow adapting type 2 (SA2) code for
code for which finger is moving, know this because of the firing rate
Fast adapting type 1 afferent
rapid detect initial change in skin stretch, code for which joint is moving
how is kinesthetic information obtained
signals are ambiguous from one proprioceptor alone, combination of multiple inputs for
necessary accuracy
proprioception : efference play a role in
the motor command plays an essential role generating kinesthesis, nothing can happen
in absence of proprioception
true or false
when angular speed of a finger joint increases, proprioception discrimination increases
(true)
3 areas of the motor cortex
premotor, supplementary, primary (M1)
Where are the 3 motor cortexs located
anterior to the central sulcus
what kind of movement do the motor cortex produce
voluntary movement
premotor cortex
2 main functions, involved in selecting motor plans, preparing complex tasks,
projects/relays info to M1, stimulates at high level of current produces complex
movement - SOME neurons signal preparation for movement
supplementary motor area (mirror neuron)
functions are to program more complex sequences of movement as well as corporate
bilateral movements. all their movements are based on previously remembered
sequences.
what does the supplementary motor area respond to
sequences of movement, mental rehearsal of sequences of movement, active during
mental rehearsal. when you see someone yawn.
Primary motor cortex
last step for motor command. all above cortexs get relayed here. functions; encodes the
force of movement, encodes the direction of movement, encodes the speed of
movement.
where does the primary motor cortex relay info to
relays motor commands to the alpha motor neurons via corticospinal motor neurons,
corticospinal pathway
UPDATE
what determines tactile acuity
receptive fields, density of receptors, representations within somatosensory cortex
Kinesthesis
conscious awareness of position and movement of the body in space
proprioception
Subconscious mechanism by which body is able to regulate posture & movement,
reflexive
4 major contributors to kinesthesis
1. Sense of position and movement of the limbs
2. sense of tension or force
3. sense of effort or heaviness
4. sensations of body image and posture
proprioceptive afference
signals generated by mechanoreceptors in response to stimulation that is produced as a
consequences of the positions and movements of body parts
ex-afference
external afference, generated from an external source unexpected, generated by
proprioceptors in response to external stimulation
re-afference
generated from your own movements. generated by proprioceptors in response to
internally generated stimulation
Vision is always ___
Dominance
How do we assess proprioception
1. matching tasks - 2 types - simultaneous and successive
2.discrimination task - move a limb into flexion or extenstion, participant is asked where
did their limbs move
proprioception sources
1. muscle spindles - length/velocity
2.golgi tendon organs- tension/force of muscle
3.joint - pressure-ligament forces-joint position
4.cutneous - length/velocity of skin stretch - movement onset/offset
which receptor types contribute to proprioception
muscle receptors, joint receptors and cutaneous receptors
tendon vibration
activates type 1As kinesthetic illusion eg.pinocchio effect
sensory dominance
conflict arises and brain choose one sensation over other sensory information
sensory dominance - rubber hand illusion
perceive fake limb to their actual limb
joint receptors
, may have role in proprioception - after joint replacement you have little to no evidence
of their joint position but if we increase or decrease the sensitivity of the joint receptors
you can feel something
lignocaine
joint receptor sensitivity decrease
dextran
joint receptor sensitivity increase (cause inflation in joint)
cutaneous receptor
-slowly adapting type 2 afferent - innervate ruffini receptors
Slow adapting type 2 (SA2) code for
code for which finger is moving, know this because of the firing rate
Fast adapting type 1 afferent
rapid detect initial change in skin stretch, code for which joint is moving
how is kinesthetic information obtained
signals are ambiguous from one proprioceptor alone, combination of multiple inputs for
necessary accuracy
proprioception : efference play a role in
the motor command plays an essential role generating kinesthesis, nothing can happen
in absence of proprioception
true or false
when angular speed of a finger joint increases, proprioception discrimination increases
(true)
3 areas of the motor cortex
premotor, supplementary, primary (M1)
Where are the 3 motor cortexs located
anterior to the central sulcus
what kind of movement do the motor cortex produce
voluntary movement
premotor cortex
2 main functions, involved in selecting motor plans, preparing complex tasks,
projects/relays info to M1, stimulates at high level of current produces complex
movement - SOME neurons signal preparation for movement
supplementary motor area (mirror neuron)
functions are to program more complex sequences of movement as well as corporate
bilateral movements. all their movements are based on previously remembered
sequences.
what does the supplementary motor area respond to
sequences of movement, mental rehearsal of sequences of movement, active during
mental rehearsal. when you see someone yawn.
Primary motor cortex
last step for motor command. all above cortexs get relayed here. functions; encodes the
force of movement, encodes the direction of movement, encodes the speed of
movement.
where does the primary motor cortex relay info to
relays motor commands to the alpha motor neurons via corticospinal motor neurons,
corticospinal pathway
