HES 202 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST
UPDATE
What is the definition of homeostasis? What are some examples of cellular and
whole body homeostasis?
Homeostasis is the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment. Cellular
examples include temperature regulation, while whole body examples include blood
glucose and body temperature regulation.
What is the rate of O2 consumption at rest? What else is this called?
Resting oxygen consumption is approximately 3.5 ml/kg/min or 1 MET (Metabolic
Equivalent).
Which bioenergetic pathway does the body use most during rest?
The body primarily uses oxidative phosphorylation during rest.
What is the term used to explain why oxygen consumption doesn't match
metabolic demand at the start of exercise? Why does this happen? How else can
the body meet metabolic demand?
The term "oxygen deficit" explains the delay in oxygen supply at the start of exercise
due to increased energy demand; it's met by anaerobic metabolism initially.
What term describes elevated oxygen consumption immediately after exercise?
Why does the body continue consuming oxygen after exercise?
Elevated oxygen consumption after exercise is called the "oxygen debt" and helps
repay the oxygen deficit.
Which metabolic pathway(s) are used most during long duration exercise? Short
duration exercise? Why does this happen?
Long-duration exercise mainly uses aerobic pathways, while short-duration exercise
relies more on anaerobic pathways.
What is the definition of VO2 max? How do you determine VO2 max? Why would
an athlete want to know their VO2 max?
VO2 max is the maximum rate of oxygen consumption during intense exercise and can
be determined through exercise testing; athletes want to know it for performance
assessment.
What is the definition of lactate threshold? How do you determine lactate
threshold experimentally?
Lactate threshold is the exercise intensity at which lactate accumulates faster than it
can be removed, typically determined experimentally, and it's a valuable marker of
athletic performance.
What does lactate threshold tell you about athletic performance?
provides information about an athlete's exercise intensity at which lactate accumulates
faster than it can be cleared, serving as an indicator of aerobic endurance and a
predictor of performance in endurance sports.
What is a hormone?
Hormones are signaling molecules produced by glands.
What mode of cellular communication do hormones use?
Hormones use endocrine signaling to communicate through the bloodstream.
, Where do hormones come from?
Hormones come from various glands in the body.
Do hormones typically turn physiological processes on/off or turn them up or
down?
Hormones can turn physiological processes on/off or up/down.
What factors determine the effect of a specific hormone?
The effect of a hormone is determined by its receptor distribution and the target tissue.
How does a steroid hormone act on a cell?
Steroid hormones enter the cell and act on DNA, while protein/peptide hormones bind to
receptors on the cell surface.
How does a protein/peptide hormone act on a cell?
Protein/peptide hormones act on a cell by binding to specific cell surface receptors,
triggering a series of intracellular signaling events that lead to various cellular
responses.
What is the standard treatment for someone with a hormone deficiency (e.g.
growth hormone)?
Standard treatment for hormone deficiencies may involve hormone replacement
therapy.
Which hormones are involved in the "fight or flight" response?
The "fight or flight" response involves adrenaline (epinephrine) and norepinephrine.
Which hormones are anabolic, and which are catabolic?
Some hormones are anabolic (e.g., growth hormone) while others are catabolic (e.g.,
cortisol).
The pancreas secretes two hormones that regulate glucose homeostasis: name
them and describe the function of each.
The pancreas secretes insulin (reduces blood glucose) and glucagon (increases blood
glucose) to regulate glucose homeostasis.
Which hormones are increased or decreased during exercise? How do these
changes influence performance?
Exercise increases hormones like adrenaline and cortisol, influencing performance.
What are the two branches of the immune system?
The two branches of the immune system are the innate and acquired (adaptive)
immune systems.
What are the two key functions of the innate immune system?
Innate immune system functions include detecting and responding to pathogens and
inflammation.
What is the primary function of the acquired (or adaptive) immune system?
The primary function of the acquired immune system is to recognize and remember
specific pathogens for long-term defense.
What feature makes the acquired immune system so powerful?
The acquired immune system's memory makes it powerful.
How do vaccines protect someone from a virus? Why might you feel sick after a
vaccine?
Vaccines introduce a harmless part of a pathogen, priming the immune system; feeling
sick after a vaccine is a mild response as the body builds immunity.
Is inflammation a normal part of the immune response? Acute vs chronic?
UPDATE
What is the definition of homeostasis? What are some examples of cellular and
whole body homeostasis?
Homeostasis is the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment. Cellular
examples include temperature regulation, while whole body examples include blood
glucose and body temperature regulation.
What is the rate of O2 consumption at rest? What else is this called?
Resting oxygen consumption is approximately 3.5 ml/kg/min or 1 MET (Metabolic
Equivalent).
Which bioenergetic pathway does the body use most during rest?
The body primarily uses oxidative phosphorylation during rest.
What is the term used to explain why oxygen consumption doesn't match
metabolic demand at the start of exercise? Why does this happen? How else can
the body meet metabolic demand?
The term "oxygen deficit" explains the delay in oxygen supply at the start of exercise
due to increased energy demand; it's met by anaerobic metabolism initially.
What term describes elevated oxygen consumption immediately after exercise?
Why does the body continue consuming oxygen after exercise?
Elevated oxygen consumption after exercise is called the "oxygen debt" and helps
repay the oxygen deficit.
Which metabolic pathway(s) are used most during long duration exercise? Short
duration exercise? Why does this happen?
Long-duration exercise mainly uses aerobic pathways, while short-duration exercise
relies more on anaerobic pathways.
What is the definition of VO2 max? How do you determine VO2 max? Why would
an athlete want to know their VO2 max?
VO2 max is the maximum rate of oxygen consumption during intense exercise and can
be determined through exercise testing; athletes want to know it for performance
assessment.
What is the definition of lactate threshold? How do you determine lactate
threshold experimentally?
Lactate threshold is the exercise intensity at which lactate accumulates faster than it
can be removed, typically determined experimentally, and it's a valuable marker of
athletic performance.
What does lactate threshold tell you about athletic performance?
provides information about an athlete's exercise intensity at which lactate accumulates
faster than it can be cleared, serving as an indicator of aerobic endurance and a
predictor of performance in endurance sports.
What is a hormone?
Hormones are signaling molecules produced by glands.
What mode of cellular communication do hormones use?
Hormones use endocrine signaling to communicate through the bloodstream.
, Where do hormones come from?
Hormones come from various glands in the body.
Do hormones typically turn physiological processes on/off or turn them up or
down?
Hormones can turn physiological processes on/off or up/down.
What factors determine the effect of a specific hormone?
The effect of a hormone is determined by its receptor distribution and the target tissue.
How does a steroid hormone act on a cell?
Steroid hormones enter the cell and act on DNA, while protein/peptide hormones bind to
receptors on the cell surface.
How does a protein/peptide hormone act on a cell?
Protein/peptide hormones act on a cell by binding to specific cell surface receptors,
triggering a series of intracellular signaling events that lead to various cellular
responses.
What is the standard treatment for someone with a hormone deficiency (e.g.
growth hormone)?
Standard treatment for hormone deficiencies may involve hormone replacement
therapy.
Which hormones are involved in the "fight or flight" response?
The "fight or flight" response involves adrenaline (epinephrine) and norepinephrine.
Which hormones are anabolic, and which are catabolic?
Some hormones are anabolic (e.g., growth hormone) while others are catabolic (e.g.,
cortisol).
The pancreas secretes two hormones that regulate glucose homeostasis: name
them and describe the function of each.
The pancreas secretes insulin (reduces blood glucose) and glucagon (increases blood
glucose) to regulate glucose homeostasis.
Which hormones are increased or decreased during exercise? How do these
changes influence performance?
Exercise increases hormones like adrenaline and cortisol, influencing performance.
What are the two branches of the immune system?
The two branches of the immune system are the innate and acquired (adaptive)
immune systems.
What are the two key functions of the innate immune system?
Innate immune system functions include detecting and responding to pathogens and
inflammation.
What is the primary function of the acquired (or adaptive) immune system?
The primary function of the acquired immune system is to recognize and remember
specific pathogens for long-term defense.
What feature makes the acquired immune system so powerful?
The acquired immune system's memory makes it powerful.
How do vaccines protect someone from a virus? Why might you feel sick after a
vaccine?
Vaccines introduce a harmless part of a pathogen, priming the immune system; feeling
sick after a vaccine is a mild response as the body builds immunity.
Is inflammation a normal part of the immune response? Acute vs chronic?
