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Structure and Function of the Body 16th Edition Patton Test Bank 9780323597791 All Chapters with Answers

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Structure and Function of the Body 16th Edition Patton Test Bank 9780323597791 All Chapters with Answers

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Voorbeeld van de inhoud

TEST BANK for Structure and Function of the Body 16th
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Edition Patton ISBN: 9780323597791 Chapters 1-
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22 Complete Guide.
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whichqpartqofqtheqbrainqcontrolsqskeletalqmusclesq-qANSWERqcerebralqcortexq-
qspecificallyqprimaryqmotorqcortexqwhichqisqlocatedqatqtheqposteriorqaspectqofqfrontalqlob

e

whatqsupportsqthisqneuromuscularqactivityq(2qbodyqsystems)q-
qANSWERqcontinuousqdeliveryqofqoxygenqandqnutrientsqtoqworkingqtissuesqandqremova

lqofqcarbonqdioxideqandqmetabolicqwasteqthroughqactivitiesqofqcardiovascularqandqrespir
atoryqsystem

whatqbodyqsystemsqareqessentialqforqdevelopingqandqmaintainingqmuscularqstrengthqan
dqpowerq-qANSWERqmusculoskeletal,qneuromuscular,qrespiratoryqandqcardiovascular

doqmusclesqactqdirectlyqtoqexertqforceqonqtheqobjectsq-
qANSWERqno,qtheyqfunctionqbyqpullingqagainstqbonesqthatqrotateqaroundqjointsq

musclesqcanqonlyqpullq(contractionqandqrelaxation),qnotqpush,qbutqthroughqtheqsystemqof
qbonyqleversqmuscleqpullingqforcesqcanqbeqmanifestedqasqbothqpullingqorqpushingqextern

alqobjects

howqmanyqbonesqareqapproxqinqhumanqbodyq-qANSWERq206

Howqisqtheqskeletonqdivided?q-qANSWERqaxialqskeletonq(skull,qvertebralqcolumnq-
qfromqC1qtoqcoccyx,qribs qandqsternum)qandqappendicularq(shoulderqgirdleq-

qclavicleqandqscapula,qbonesqofqtheqarmsqwrists qandqhandsq-

qhumerusqradiusqulnaqcarpalsqmetacarpalsqandqphalanges,qpelvicqgirdleq-

qcoxalqbones,qandqtheqbonesqofqtheqlegsqanklesqandqfeetq-

qfemurqpatellaqtibiaqfibulaqtarsalsqmetatarsalsqphalanges)




Typesqofqjointsq-qANSWERqfibrousq-
qallowqvirtuallyqnoqmovementq(ex.qstructuresqonqtheqskull)q

cartilaginousq-qallowqlimitedqmovementq(ex.qintervertebralqdisks)
synovialq-qallowqconsiderableqmovementq(ex.qhip,qknee)

howqdoqweqcategoriseqjointsqbasedqonqtheqnumberqofqdirectionsqaqrotationqcanqoccurq-
qANSWERquniaxalq-

qrotatingqaboutqonlyqoneqaxis;qhingeq(ex.qelbow,qkneeqcanqbeqcategorisedqhereqbutqhisqa

xisqactuallyqchangesqthroughqrangeqofqmotion)q
biaxalq-qallowqmovementqinq2qplanesq(ex.qankle,qwrist)
multiaxalq-qballqandqaqsocketqjoints,qallowqmovementqinqallqthreeqplanes

structureqofqvertebralqcolumnq-
qANSWERqmadequpqof qvertebralqbonesqseparatedqbyqflexibleqdisks

,theqvertebraeqareqcategorisedqinto:q7qcervicalqvertebraeqinqtheqneckqregionq(C1-
C7),q12qthoracicqvertebraeqinqthequpperqandqmiddleqbackq(T1-
T12),q5qlumbarqvertebraeqinqtheqlowerqbackq(L1-
L5),q5qsacralqvertebraeqwhichqareqfusedqtogetherqtoqformqsacrumqandq3-
5qcoccygealqvertebraeqwhichqareqfusedqtogetherqtoqformqcoccyx

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qANSWERqwhenqtheqbodyqisqsubjectedqtoqheavyqloadsqtheqboneqincreasesqinqboneqmin

eralqcontentqaka.qdensityq
similarqchangesqcanqoccurqifqaqbodyqpreformsqexplosiveqmovementsqwithqimpactq
otherqfactorsqthatqimpactqboneqadaptationqareqweatherqtheqskeletonqisqloadedqandqfrequ
encyqofqthisqloadingq
adaptationqofqbonesqareqLONGERqthanqadaptationqofqskeletalqmusclesqsoqitqisqimportan
tqtoqvaryqstimulusqinqfrequency,qintensityqandqtype

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qANSWERqboneqperiosteum




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qANSWERqlimbqmuscles:qproximalq(closerqtoqtheqtrunk)qandqdistalq(furtherqfromqtheqtrun

k)
trunkqmuscles:qsuperiorq(loserqtoqtheqhead)qandqinferiorq(closerqtoqtheqfeet)

connectiveqtissueqofqtheqmusclesq-qnamesqandqwhatqdoesqeachqencloseq-
qANSWERqdeepqfasciaq-qsurroundqmuscleqgroups

epimysiumq-qwrapsqmuscleqorgansq
perimysiumq-qwrapsqfascicles
endomysiumq-qwrapsqmuscleqcellsqandqisqsurroundedqbyqsarcolema

howqisqcalledqtheqjunctionqbetweenqmotorqneuronqandqtheqmuscleqfibersqitqinnervatesq(a
ndqrelationshipqbetweenqtheqnumberqofqmotorqneuronsqandqmuscleqcellsqitqinnervates)q-
qANSWERqneuromuscularqjunctionqeachqmuscleqcellqhasqonlyqoneqneuromuscularqjunc

tion,qbutqoneqmotorqneuronqinnervatesqmanyqcells

howqareqcalledqmotorqneuronqandqmuscleqfibersq(cells)qitqinnervatesq-
qANSWERqmotorqunit,qallqtheqmuscleqfibersqofqtheqmotorqunitqCONTRACTqTOGETHERq

whenqtheyqareqstimulatedqbyqmotorqneuron

whatqisqtheqnameqofqmuscleqfiber´sqcytoplasmqandqwhatqdoesqitqcontainq-
qANSWERqsarcoplasm,qitqcontainsqproteinqfilaments,qotherqproteins,qstoredqglycogenqa

ndqfatqparticles,qenzymesqandqspecializedqorganelleqasqmitochondriaqandqsarcoplasmic
qreticulum




Definitionqofqmyofibrilsq-
qANSWERqstructureqthatqdominatesqsarcoplasm,qcontainsqapparatusqthatqcontractsqthe

qmuscleq(contractileqproteinsq-

qmyofilaments:qactinqandqmyosin)qitqisqdividedqintoqsarcomeres




howqdoqweqdivideqtheqsarcomereq-qANSWERqHqzoneq-
qinqtheqcenterqofqtheqsarcomereqwhereqonlyqmyosinqisqpresent

,Mq-qbridgeqisqtheqcenterqofqHq-
qzoneqwhereqadjacentqmyosinqfilamentsqanchorqtoqeachqother

Aq-qbandq-
qcenterqofqtheqsarcomereqthatqcontainsqbothqthickqandqthinqfilamentsq(expansionqofqHq-

qzone)

Iq-qbandq-qareasqinqtwoqadjacentqsarcomeresqthatqcontainqonlyqactinqfilamentsq
Zq-qlineq-qtheqmiddleqofqIq-bandqthatqdemarksqtwoqadjacentqsarcomeres

whatqisqsarcoplasmicqreticulumq-
qANSWERqsystemqofqtubulesqsurroundingqeachqmyofibrilqatqtheqendsqifqtubulesqareqvesi

clesqinqwhichqcalciumqionsqareqstored

WhatqareqT-tubules?q-qANSWERqTunnel-
likeqstructuresqthatqrunqperpendicularqtoqsarcoplasmicqreticulumqandqendqinqtheqvicinityq
ofqZqlineqbetweenqtwoqvesiclesq
becauseqTqtubulesqareqcontiguousqwithqsarcolemmaqandqrunqbetweenqoutlyingqmyofibri
lsqactionqpotentialqarrivesqnearlyqsimoltaneouslyqfromqtheqsurfaceqtoqtheqdepthqofqmuscl
eqfiber

simplestqexplanationqofqmechanicsqofqslidingqfilamentqmodelq-
qANSWERqmyosinqbindsqtoqactinqformingqcrossbridgesqwhichqpullqactinqfilamentsqinwar

ds,qpullingqtheqZqlinesqtowardsqtheqcenterqofqtheqsarcomereqthusqshorteningqtheqmuscleq
fiber

whatqisqaqpowerqstrokeq-
qANSWERqtheqactionqwhenqitqreleasesqADPqandqphosphateqandqpushesqmyosinqcloserq

toqtheqcenterqofqtheqsarcomereq
becauseqonlyqaqsmallqdisplacementqofqactinqoccursqwithqeachqpowerqstrokeqveryqrapidqr
epeatedqstrokesqmustqoccurqinqmanyqcrossbridgesqthroughoutqentireqmuscleqforqmeasu
rableqmovementqtoqoccur

doqactinqandqmyosinqarticulateqduringqrestingqphaseq-
qANSWERqyesqevenqwithqtheqactinqbindingqsiteqcoveredqmyosinqandqactinqstillqinteractqi

nqaqweakqbondqwhichqbecomesqstrongqwhenqactinqbindingqsiteqisqexposed

Theqamountqofqforceqproducedqbyqaqmuscleqatqanyqinstantqinqtimeqisqdirectlyqrelatedqtoqw
hatq-
qANSWERqtoqtheqnumberqofqmyosinqcrossbridgesqboundqtoqactinqfilamentsqinqthatqinsta

ntqinqtime

fromqwhereqcomesqtheqenergyqforqpowerqstrokeq-
qANSWERqfromqhydrolysisqofqATPqtoqADPq(adenosineqdiphosphate)qandqphosphate




howqisqcalledqtheqenzymeqthatqcatalyzesqtheqhydrolysisqofqATPq-
qANSWERqmyosinqadenosineqtriphosphateq(ATP-ase)




inqwhichqotherqeventsqinqskeletalqmusclesqdoesqcalciumqhaveqregulationqroleqbesidesqc
ontractionq-
qANSWERqglycolyticqandqoxidativeqenergyqmetabolism,qproteinqsynthesisqandqproteinqd

egradation

, sequenceqofqeventsqandqwhatqhasqtoqbeqavaliableqforqthemqtoqhappenq-
qANSWERqbindingqofqcalciumqtoqtroponin

couplingqofqmyosinqcrossbridgesqtoqactin
powerqstroke
dissociationqofqactinqandqmyosinqhead
andqresettingqofqmyosinqheadqpositionq
thisqoccursqasqlongqasqcalciumqisqavailableqinqmyofibril,qATPqisqavailableqforqpowerqstrok
e,qandqactiveqmyosinqATPaseqisqavailableqforqcatalyzingqtheqbreakdownqofqATP

theqamountqofqcontrolqofqaqmuscleqisqdependantqofqwhatq-
qANSWERqonqtheqnumberqofqmuscleqfibersqofqeachqmotorqunit,qaka.qtheqnumberqofqmot

orqunitsqinqtheqmuscleq
moreqmotorqunitsq=qfewerqmuscleqfibersqofqeachqmotorqunitq=qmoreqprecisionq(ex.qeyeqm
usclesqcanqhaveqasqfewqasqoneqmuscleqfiberqperqmotorqunit,qwhileqquadricepsqmayqhav
eqseveralqhundredsqmuscleqfibersqperqmotorqunit)

canqactionqpotentialqdirectlyqexciteqmuscleqfibersq-
qANSWERqno,qitqexcitesqmuscleqfibersqbyqchemicalqtransmisionq

arrivalqofqtheqactionqpotentialqatqtheqnerveqterminalqcausesqreleaseqofqneurotransmitterq
acetylcholineqwhichqdiffusesqacrossqneuromuscularqjunction

Canqaqstrongerqactionqpotentialqproduceqaqstrongerqcontraction?qandqhowqisqthisqpheno
menonqcalledq-qANSWERqno,qthisqphenomenonqisqcalledqall-or-
noneqprincipleqofqtheqmuscle

Whatqisqaqtwitch?q-qANSWERqsingleqstimulus-contractionqsequenceqinqaqmuscleqfiber

whatqhappensqIfqaqsecondqtwitchqisqelicitedqfromqtheqmotorqnerveqbeforeqtheqfibersqcom
pletelyqrelaxq-
qANSWERqforceqfromqtheqtwoqtwitchesqsummates,qandqtheqresultingqforceqisqgreaterqth

anqthatqproducedqbyqaqsingleqtwitch

whyqdoesqdecreasingqtimeqbetweenqtwitchesqresultqinqgreaterqforceqproductionq-
qANSWERqAlthoughqcalciumqreleaseqduringqaqtwitchqisqsufficientqtoqallowqoptimalqactiva

tionqofqactinqandqmyosin,qandqtherebyqmaximalqforceqofqtheqfibers,qcalciumqisqremovedqb
eforeqforceqreachesqitsqmaximum,qandqtheqmuscleqstartsqtoqrelax
sinceqpeakqforceqinqaqsingleqtwitchqoccursqandqmuscleqthanqstartsqtoqrelaxqdecreasingqti
meqbetweenqtwitchesqresultsqinqgreaterqsummationqofqcrossbridgeqbindingqandqforce

Whatqisqtetanus?q-
qANSWERqThisqtermqrefersqtoqtheqhighestqtensionqdevelopedqbyqaqmuscleqinqresponseqt

oqstimulationqofqincreasingqfrequencyq-
qwhenqtwitchesqareqfused.qThisqisqtheqmaximalqamountqofqforceqtheqmotorqunitqcanqdevel

op

whatqisqaqmostqfamiliarqwayqtoqcategoriseqmuscleqfiberqtypesqandqhowqdoqweqcategorise
qthemqbasedqonqthatqway,qwhatqaboutqmotorqunitq-

qANSWERqtheqmostqfamiliarqapproachqtoqclassifyqfibersqisqbasedqonqtwitchqtime;qslow-

twitchqfibersqandqfast-

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