BEHAVIORAL
STATISTICS
l
MichelleOja
l
TaftCollege
l
, TaftCollege
l
PSYC 2200: Elementary Statistics for B
l l l l l
ehavioral and Social Sciences
l l l
Michelle Oja
l
,ThisltextlisldisseminatedlvialthelOpenlEducationlResourcel(OER)lLibreTextslProjectl(https://LibreTexts.org)landllikelthelhundredsloflot
herltextslavailablelwithinlthislpowerfullplatform,litlislfreelylavailablelforlreading,lprintinglandl"consuming."lMost,lbutlnotlall,lpagesl inl t
hel libraryl havel licensesl thatl mayl allowl individualsl tol makel changes,l save,l andl printl thisl book.l Carefullylconsultlthelappli
cablellicense(s)lbeforelpursuinglsuchleffects.
InstructorslcanladoptlexistinglLibreTextsltextslorlRemixlthemltolquicklylbuildlcourse-
specificlresourcesltolmeetlthelneedslofltheirlstudents.lUnlikeltraditionalltextbooks,lLibreTexts’lweblbasedloriginslallowlpowerfullintegrat
ionlofladvancedlfeatureslandlnewltechnologiesltolsupportllearning.
ThelLibreTextslmissionlisltolunitelstudents,lfacultylandlscholarslinlalcooperativeleffortltoldeveloplanleasy-to-
uselonlinelplatforml forlthelconstruction,lcustomization,landldisseminationloflOERlcontentltolreducelthelburdensloflunreasonableltextbo
oklcostsltolourlstudentslandlsociety.lThelLibreTextslprojectlislalmulti-
institutionallcollaborativelventureltoldeveloplthelnextlgenerationloflopen-
laccessltextsltolimprovelpostsecondaryleducationlatlallllevelsloflhigherllearninglbyldevelopinglanlOpenlAccesslResourcelenvironment.lT
helprojectlcurrentlylconsistslofl14lindependentlyloperatinglandlinterconnectedllibrarieslthatlarelconstantlylbeingloptimizedlbylstudents,lf
aculty,landloutsidelexpertsltolsupplantlconventionallpaper-
basedlbooks.lTheselfreeltextbooklalternativeslarelorganizedlwithinlalcentrallenvironmentlthatlislbothlverticallyl(fromladvanceltolbasicllev
el)landlhorizontallyl(acrossldifferentlfields)lintegrated.
ThelLibreTextsllibrarieslarelPoweredlbylMindTouch®landlarelsupportedlbylthelDepartmentloflEducationlOpenlTextbooklPilotlProject,lth
elUClDavislOfficeloflthelProvost,lthelUClDavislLibrary,lthelCalifornialStatelUniversitylAffordablelLearninglSolutionslProgram,landlMer
lot.lThislmateriallislbasedluponlworklsupportedlbylthelNationallSciencelFoundationlunderlGrantlNo.l1246120,l1525057,landl1413739.lU
nlesslotherwiselnoted,lLibreTextslcontentlisllicensedlbylCClBY-NC-SAl3.0.
Anylopinions,lfindings,landlconclusionslorlrecommendationslexpressedlinlthislmateriallarelthoseloflthelauthor(s)landldolnotlnecessarilylr
eflectlthelviewsloflthelNationallSciencelFoundationlnorlthelUSlDepartmentloflEducation.
Havelquestionslorlcomments?
itieslcanlbelfoundlvialFacebookl(https://facebook.com/Libretexts),lTwitterl(https://twitter.com/libretexts),lorlourlblogl(http://Blog.Libret
exts.org).
Thisltextlwaslcompiledlonl02/19/2023
, TABLE OF CONTENTS l l
AcknowledgementslLicensin
g
ForlFaculty
Unit1:Descriptionl l
l 1:lIntroductionltolBehaviorallStatistics
l 1.1:lWhylarelyoultakinglthislcourse?
l 1.2:lWhatlislalstatistic?lWhatlislalstatisticallanalysis?
l 1.3:lThelScientificlMethod
l 1.4:lTypesloflDatalandlHowltolMeasurelThem
l 1.4.1:lIVlandlDV-lVariableslaslPredictorslandlOutcomes
l 1.4.2:lQualitativelversuslQuantitativelVariables
l 1.4.3:lScalesloflMeasurement
l 1.5:lPopulationslandlSamples
l 1.5.1:lCollectinglData-lMorelPracticelwithlPopulationslandlSamples
l 1.6:l"Researchlshowslthat..."
l 1.7:lLearningl(Statistics)
l 2:lWhatlDolDatalLooklLike?l(Graphs)
l2.1:lIntroductionltolLookinglatlDatal(Thislislwhatltoolmanylnumbersllooksllike)
l2.2:lFrequencylTables
l 2.3:lAPAlStylelTables
l 2.4:lGraphinglQualitativelVariables-lBarlGraphs
l 2.5:lGraphinglQualitativelVariables-lPielCharts
l 2.6:lGraphinglQuantitativelVariables
l 2.7:lSkewlandlKurtosis
l 2.8:lGraphinglQuantitativelData-lLinelGraphs
l 2.9:lGraphinglQuantitativelData-lHistogramsl
l 2.10:lGraphinglQuantitative lData-lBoxplots
l 2.11:lGraphinglQuantitativelData-lScatterplots
l 2.12:lSummarylandlSomelHonesty
l 2.13:lAPAlStylelCharts
l 2.14:lDescribinglDatalusinglDistributionslandlGraphslExercisesl
l 3:lDescriptivelStatistics
l 3.1:lIntroductionltolDescriptivelStatistics
l 3.2:lMathlRefresher
l 3.3:lWhatlislCentrallTendency?
l 3.3.1:lIntroductionltolMeasuresloflCentrallTendency
l 3.3.2:lMeasuresloflCentrallTendency-lMode
l 3.3.3:lMeasuresloflCentrallTendency-lMedian
l 3.3.4:lMeasuresloflCentrallTendency-lMean
l 3.3.5:lSummaryloflMeasuresloflCentrallTendency
l 3.4:lInterpretinglAlllThreelMeasuresloflCentrallTendency
l 3.5:lIntroductionltolMeasuresloflVariability
l 3.6:lIntroductionltolStandardlDeviationslandlCalculations
1 https://stats.libretexts.org/@go/page/22186
STATISTICS
l
MichelleOja
l
TaftCollege
l
, TaftCollege
l
PSYC 2200: Elementary Statistics for B
l l l l l
ehavioral and Social Sciences
l l l
Michelle Oja
l
,ThisltextlisldisseminatedlvialthelOpenlEducationlResourcel(OER)lLibreTextslProjectl(https://LibreTexts.org)landllikelthelhundredsloflot
herltextslavailablelwithinlthislpowerfullplatform,litlislfreelylavailablelforlreading,lprintinglandl"consuming."lMost,lbutlnotlall,lpagesl inl t
hel libraryl havel licensesl thatl mayl allowl individualsl tol makel changes,l save,l andl printl thisl book.l Carefullylconsultlthelappli
cablellicense(s)lbeforelpursuinglsuchleffects.
InstructorslcanladoptlexistinglLibreTextsltextslorlRemixlthemltolquicklylbuildlcourse-
specificlresourcesltolmeetlthelneedslofltheirlstudents.lUnlikeltraditionalltextbooks,lLibreTexts’lweblbasedloriginslallowlpowerfullintegrat
ionlofladvancedlfeatureslandlnewltechnologiesltolsupportllearning.
ThelLibreTextslmissionlisltolunitelstudents,lfacultylandlscholarslinlalcooperativeleffortltoldeveloplanleasy-to-
uselonlinelplatforml forlthelconstruction,lcustomization,landldisseminationloflOERlcontentltolreducelthelburdensloflunreasonableltextbo
oklcostsltolourlstudentslandlsociety.lThelLibreTextslprojectlislalmulti-
institutionallcollaborativelventureltoldeveloplthelnextlgenerationloflopen-
laccessltextsltolimprovelpostsecondaryleducationlatlallllevelsloflhigherllearninglbyldevelopinglanlOpenlAccesslResourcelenvironment.lT
helprojectlcurrentlylconsistslofl14lindependentlyloperatinglandlinterconnectedllibrarieslthatlarelconstantlylbeingloptimizedlbylstudents,lf
aculty,landloutsidelexpertsltolsupplantlconventionallpaper-
basedlbooks.lTheselfreeltextbooklalternativeslarelorganizedlwithinlalcentrallenvironmentlthatlislbothlverticallyl(fromladvanceltolbasicllev
el)landlhorizontallyl(acrossldifferentlfields)lintegrated.
ThelLibreTextsllibrarieslarelPoweredlbylMindTouch®landlarelsupportedlbylthelDepartmentloflEducationlOpenlTextbooklPilotlProject,lth
elUClDavislOfficeloflthelProvost,lthelUClDavislLibrary,lthelCalifornialStatelUniversitylAffordablelLearninglSolutionslProgram,landlMer
lot.lThislmateriallislbasedluponlworklsupportedlbylthelNationallSciencelFoundationlunderlGrantlNo.l1246120,l1525057,landl1413739.lU
nlesslotherwiselnoted,lLibreTextslcontentlisllicensedlbylCClBY-NC-SAl3.0.
Anylopinions,lfindings,landlconclusionslorlrecommendationslexpressedlinlthislmateriallarelthoseloflthelauthor(s)landldolnotlnecessarilylr
eflectlthelviewsloflthelNationallSciencelFoundationlnorlthelUSlDepartmentloflEducation.
Havelquestionslorlcomments?
itieslcanlbelfoundlvialFacebookl(https://facebook.com/Libretexts),lTwitterl(https://twitter.com/libretexts),lorlourlblogl(http://Blog.Libret
exts.org).
Thisltextlwaslcompiledlonl02/19/2023
, TABLE OF CONTENTS l l
AcknowledgementslLicensin
g
ForlFaculty
Unit1:Descriptionl l
l 1:lIntroductionltolBehaviorallStatistics
l 1.1:lWhylarelyoultakinglthislcourse?
l 1.2:lWhatlislalstatistic?lWhatlislalstatisticallanalysis?
l 1.3:lThelScientificlMethod
l 1.4:lTypesloflDatalandlHowltolMeasurelThem
l 1.4.1:lIVlandlDV-lVariableslaslPredictorslandlOutcomes
l 1.4.2:lQualitativelversuslQuantitativelVariables
l 1.4.3:lScalesloflMeasurement
l 1.5:lPopulationslandlSamples
l 1.5.1:lCollectinglData-lMorelPracticelwithlPopulationslandlSamples
l 1.6:l"Researchlshowslthat..."
l 1.7:lLearningl(Statistics)
l 2:lWhatlDolDatalLooklLike?l(Graphs)
l2.1:lIntroductionltolLookinglatlDatal(Thislislwhatltoolmanylnumbersllooksllike)
l2.2:lFrequencylTables
l 2.3:lAPAlStylelTables
l 2.4:lGraphinglQualitativelVariables-lBarlGraphs
l 2.5:lGraphinglQualitativelVariables-lPielCharts
l 2.6:lGraphinglQuantitativelVariables
l 2.7:lSkewlandlKurtosis
l 2.8:lGraphinglQuantitativelData-lLinelGraphs
l 2.9:lGraphinglQuantitativelData-lHistogramsl
l 2.10:lGraphinglQuantitative lData-lBoxplots
l 2.11:lGraphinglQuantitativelData-lScatterplots
l 2.12:lSummarylandlSomelHonesty
l 2.13:lAPAlStylelCharts
l 2.14:lDescribinglDatalusinglDistributionslandlGraphslExercisesl
l 3:lDescriptivelStatistics
l 3.1:lIntroductionltolDescriptivelStatistics
l 3.2:lMathlRefresher
l 3.3:lWhatlislCentrallTendency?
l 3.3.1:lIntroductionltolMeasuresloflCentrallTendency
l 3.3.2:lMeasuresloflCentrallTendency-lMode
l 3.3.3:lMeasuresloflCentrallTendency-lMedian
l 3.3.4:lMeasuresloflCentrallTendency-lMean
l 3.3.5:lSummaryloflMeasuresloflCentrallTendency
l 3.4:lInterpretinglAlllThreelMeasuresloflCentrallTendency
l 3.5:lIntroductionltolMeasuresloflVariability
l 3.6:lIntroductionltolStandardlDeviationslandlCalculations
1 https://stats.libretexts.org/@go/page/22186
