NURc326cPorthscEssentialscofcPathophysiologyc5thceditioncTB_compressedc(1)c(4)
1. Chapterc1
Althoughcthecbasiccstructurecofctheccellcplasmacmembraneciscformedcbycaclipidcbilayer,cmost
cofcthecspecificcmembranecfunctionscareccarriedcoutcby:
A) Boundcandctransmembranecproteins
B) Complex,clongccarbohydratecchains
C) Surfacecantigenscandchormonecreceptors
D) Acgatingcsystemcofcselectivecioncchannelsc
Ans:cA
Feedback:
Thecfunctionscofcplasmacmembranecdependconcthecpresencecofcproteinscthatcarecboundcincth
eclipidcbilayercandcsomecthatchavecthecabilityctocpasscfreelycintocandcoutcofctheccell.
Carbohydratecchainscformcaccellccoatcthatcsurroundscthecmembranecandcthatccontaincsurfac
ecantigenscandcsurfacechormonecreceptors.cSomecioncchannelscarecgatedcandcopenconlycwhe
ncthecmembranecpotentialcchangescsignificantly.
2. Whichcdescribescthecfunctioncofcthecnucleus?
A) Itciscbasicallycthecsitecofcproteincsynthesiscincthecbody.
B) Itccontainscthecgeneticccodecforcthecindividual.
C) Itciscthectransformercofccellularcenergy.
D) Itcinitiatescthecprocesscofcaerobiccmetabolism.c
Ans:cB
Feedback:
ThecnucleusccontainscDNA,cwhichccontainscthecgeneticccodecthatccontainscthecinformationc
thatccontrolsccells.cRibosomescsynthesizecprotein.cMitochondriactransformcorganicccompo
undscintoccellularcenergy.cMitochondriacrequirecoxygencforcaerobiccmetabolism,cusingchyd
rogencandccarbonccombinedcwithcoxygencmoleculesctocformccarboncdioxidecandcwatercasce
nergyciscreleased.
3. WhichcofcthecfollowingcaspectscofcthecfunctioncofcthecnucleusciscperformedcbycribosomalcR
NAc(rRNA)?
A) CopyingcandccarryingcDNAcinstructionscforcproteincsynthesis
B) Carryingcaminocacidsctocthecsitecofcproteincsynthesis
C) Providingcthecsitecwherecproteincsynthesiscoccurs
D) Regulatingcandccontrollingcproteincsynthesisc
Ans:cC
Feedback:
Therecarecthreectypescofcribonucleiccacidc(messengercRNA,cribosomalcRNA,candctransfercRNA
)cthatcmovectoctheccytoplasmcandccarrycoutcthecactualcsynthesiscofcproteins.
MessengercRNAc(mRNA)ccopiescandccarriescthecDNAcinstructionscforcproteincsynthesisctoc
theccytoplasm;cribosomalcRNAc(rRNA)ciscthecsitecofcproteincsynthesis;candctransfercRNAc(
tRNA)ctransportscaminocacidsctocthecsitecofcproteincsynthesiscforcincorporationcintocthecpro
teincbeingcsynthesized.
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,NURc326cPorthscEssentialscofcPathophysiologyc5thceditioncTB_compressedc(1)c(4)
4. Whichcaccuratelycexplainscthecfunctionscofcthecorganellesclysosomes?cThey:
A) Arecsacscfilledcwithcenzymescthatcbreakdowncandcremovecforeigncsubstancescandcw
orn-outccellcparts
B) Functioncincassociationcwithcthecendoplasmiccreticulumctocmodifycproteincendcp
roductscandcpackagecthemcintocsecretorycgranulescorcvesicles
C) Arecsmallcparticlescofcnucleoproteinscthatcarecinvolvedcincthecsynthesiscofcproteinscth
atcremaincinctheccellcasccytoplasmiccstructuralcorcfunctionalcelements
D) Arecacdynamiccsystemcofcinterconnectedcmembranousctubescthatcfunctionscascactub
ularccommunicationcsystemcforctransportingcvariouscsubstancescfromconecpartcofcth
eccellctocanother
Ans:cA
Feedback:
Lysosomescarecsacscthatcarecfilledcwithchydrolyticcenzymescthatcaidcincthecprocessingcandcr
emovalcofcunwantedcsubstancescwithinctheccytoplasm.cThecGolgicapparatuscfunctionscinca
ssociationcwithcthecendoplasmiccreticulumctocmodifycandcpackagecsubstancescincpreparati
oncforcsecretion,cwhereascribosomescarecsmallcparticlescofcnucleoproteinscthatcarecinvolve
dcincthecsynthesiscofcproteins.cThecERciscactubularccommunicationcsystemcforctransportingc
variouscsubstancescfromconecpartcofctheccellctocanother.
5. Impairmentcincthecfunctioncofcperoxisomescwouldcresultcin:
A) Inadequatecsitescforcproteincsynthesis
B) Ancinabilityctoctransportccellularcproductscacrossctheccellcmembrane
C) Insufficientcenergycproductioncwithincaccell
D) Accumulationcofcfreecradicalscinctheccytoplasmc
Ans:cD
Feedback:
Peroxisomescfunctioncinctheccontrolcofcfreecradicals;cunlesscdegraded,cthesechighlycunstabl
ecchemicalccompoundscdamagecotherccytoplasmiccmolecules.cPeroxisomescdocnotcdirectlyc
contributectocenergycproduction,cproteincsynthesis,corctransportcofccellularcsecretions.
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,NURc326cPorthscEssentialscofcPathophysiologyc5thceditioncTB_compressedc(1)c(4)
6. Althoughcenergyciscnotcmadecincmitochondria,ctheycarecknowncascthec“powercplants”cofcth
eccellcbecausecthey:
A) ContaincRNAcforcproteincsynthesis
B) Utilizecglycolysiscforcoxidativecenergy
C) Extractcenergycfromcorganicccompounds
D) Storeccalciumcbondscforcmuscleccontractionsc
Ans:cC
Feedback:
Mitochondriaccontaincthecenzymescneededcforctransformingcorganicccompoundscintocener
gycthatcisceasilycaccessiblectoctheccell.cMitochondriaccontainctheircowncDNA.cGlycolysiscisc
anaerobiccmetabolismcandcunrelatedctocoxidativecenergy.cMitochondriacstorecphosphatecbo
ndsc(suchcascincATP)ctocpowerccellularcfunctions.
7. Semencanalysiscindicatescthatcthecclient'scspermchavecdecreasedcmotility.cWhichcofcthecf
ollowingccellularccomponentscmaycbecdefectivecwithincthecclient'scsperm?
A) Ribosomes
B) Microtubules
C) Mitochondria
D) Microfilaments
cAns:cB
Feedback:
Abnormalitiescincthecstructurecandcfunctioncofcmicrotubulescandcconsequentcdysfunctioncof
cthecflagellacmayccontributectocimpairedcspermcmotility. cRibosomes,cmicrofilaments,candc
mitochondriacdocnotcdirectlyccontributectocmovementcinccellscsuchcascciliacandcflagella.
8. Whencexplainingcthecfunctioncofcglycolysiscascitcrelatesctocanaerobiccmetabolism,cthecfa
cultycwillcmentioncwhichcofcthecfollowingckeycpoints?cSelectcallcthatcapply.
A) Glycolysiscrequirescthecusecofcoxygenctocbegincthecprocess.
B) Glycolysiscoccurscincmitochondrion-lackingccells.
C) Glycolysiscprovidescthecmajoritycofcthecbody'scenergycneeds.
D) Pyruviccacidciscancendcresultcfromcacseriescofcreactionscthatcconvertscglucose.cA
ns:cB,cD
Feedback:
Glycolysisciscthecanaerobiccprocesscbycwhichcenergyciscliberatedcfromcglucose,candcitciscanc
importantcsourcecofcenergycforccellscthatclackcmitochondria.cThecprocesscalsocprovidescacte
mporarycsourcecofcenergycforccellscthatcarecdeprivedcofcancadequatecsupplycofcoxygen.cGly
colysiscinvolvescacsequencecofcreactionscthatcconvertscglucosectocpyruviccacid,cwithcthecco
ncomitantcproductioncofcATPcfromcADP.cItcaccountscforcacsmallcminoritycofcthecbody'scen
ergycneedscandcresultscincNADH,chydrogencions,cATP,candcpyruviccacid.
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, NURc326cPorthscEssentialscofcPathophysiologyc5thceditioncTB_compressedc(1)c(4)
9. Aerobiccmetabolism,calsocknowncascoxidativecmetabolism,cprovidescenergyctocthecbodycb
y:
A) RemovingcthecphosphatecbondscfromcATP
B) Combiningchydrogencandcoxygenctocformcwater
C) Activatingcpyruvatecstoredcinctheccytoplasm
D) Breakingcdowncglucosectocformclacticcacidc
Ans:cB
Feedback:
Aerobiccmetabolismcinvolvesctheccombinationcofccarboncionscfromcdietarycnutrients,chydrogen
cions,candcoxygen.cThecresultcisccarboncdioxidecandcwatercascenergyciscreleased,cwhichciscstoredci
ncATP.cPhosphatecbondscarecaddedc(notcremovedcfrom)ctocADPctocformcATP.cPyruvateciscform
edcfromcglucosecincthecanaerobiccprocesscofcglycolysiscandciscconvertedctoclacticcacidcduringcan
aerobiccmetabolism.
10. Toceffectivelycrelaycsignals,ccell-to-
cellccommunicationcutilizescacchemicalcmessengercsystemcto:
A) Displacecsurfacecreceptorcproteins
B) Accumulatecwithinccellcgapcjunctions
C) Bindctoccontractilecmicrofilaments
D) Releasecsecretionscintocextracellularcfluidc
Ans:cD
Feedback:
Signalscarectransmittedcbycreleasingcchemicalcsecretionscintocextracellularcfluid.cChemical
csignalscmovecthrough ccell-to-
cellcjunctionsctocreachcotherccellscandcmaycattachctocsurfacecreceptorcproteins.cTheccytoplas
micccontractilecmicrofilamentscarecincapablecofctransmittingccommunicationcsignals.
Pagec 4
1. Chapterc1
Althoughcthecbasiccstructurecofctheccellcplasmacmembraneciscformedcbycaclipidcbilayer,cmost
cofcthecspecificcmembranecfunctionscareccarriedcoutcby:
A) Boundcandctransmembranecproteins
B) Complex,clongccarbohydratecchains
C) Surfacecantigenscandchormonecreceptors
D) Acgatingcsystemcofcselectivecioncchannelsc
Ans:cA
Feedback:
Thecfunctionscofcplasmacmembranecdependconcthecpresencecofcproteinscthatcarecboundcincth
eclipidcbilayercandcsomecthatchavecthecabilityctocpasscfreelycintocandcoutcofctheccell.
Carbohydratecchainscformcaccellccoatcthatcsurroundscthecmembranecandcthatccontaincsurfac
ecantigenscandcsurfacechormonecreceptors.cSomecioncchannelscarecgatedcandcopenconlycwhe
ncthecmembranecpotentialcchangescsignificantly.
2. Whichcdescribescthecfunctioncofcthecnucleus?
A) Itciscbasicallycthecsitecofcproteincsynthesiscincthecbody.
B) Itccontainscthecgeneticccodecforcthecindividual.
C) Itciscthectransformercofccellularcenergy.
D) Itcinitiatescthecprocesscofcaerobiccmetabolism.c
Ans:cB
Feedback:
ThecnucleusccontainscDNA,cwhichccontainscthecgeneticccodecthatccontainscthecinformationc
thatccontrolsccells.cRibosomescsynthesizecprotein.cMitochondriactransformcorganicccompo
undscintoccellularcenergy.cMitochondriacrequirecoxygencforcaerobiccmetabolism,cusingchyd
rogencandccarbonccombinedcwithcoxygencmoleculesctocformccarboncdioxidecandcwatercasce
nergyciscreleased.
3. WhichcofcthecfollowingcaspectscofcthecfunctioncofcthecnucleusciscperformedcbycribosomalcR
NAc(rRNA)?
A) CopyingcandccarryingcDNAcinstructionscforcproteincsynthesis
B) Carryingcaminocacidsctocthecsitecofcproteincsynthesis
C) Providingcthecsitecwherecproteincsynthesiscoccurs
D) Regulatingcandccontrollingcproteincsynthesisc
Ans:cC
Feedback:
Therecarecthreectypescofcribonucleiccacidc(messengercRNA,cribosomalcRNA,candctransfercRNA
)cthatcmovectoctheccytoplasmcandccarrycoutcthecactualcsynthesiscofcproteins.
MessengercRNAc(mRNA)ccopiescandccarriescthecDNAcinstructionscforcproteincsynthesisctoc
theccytoplasm;cribosomalcRNAc(rRNA)ciscthecsitecofcproteincsynthesis;candctransfercRNAc(
tRNA)ctransportscaminocacidsctocthecsitecofcproteincsynthesiscforcincorporationcintocthecpro
teincbeingcsynthesized.
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,NURc326cPorthscEssentialscofcPathophysiologyc5thceditioncTB_compressedc(1)c(4)
4. Whichcaccuratelycexplainscthecfunctionscofcthecorganellesclysosomes?cThey:
A) Arecsacscfilledcwithcenzymescthatcbreakdowncandcremovecforeigncsubstancescandcw
orn-outccellcparts
B) Functioncincassociationcwithcthecendoplasmiccreticulumctocmodifycproteincendcp
roductscandcpackagecthemcintocsecretorycgranulescorcvesicles
C) Arecsmallcparticlescofcnucleoproteinscthatcarecinvolvedcincthecsynthesiscofcproteinscth
atcremaincinctheccellcasccytoplasmiccstructuralcorcfunctionalcelements
D) Arecacdynamiccsystemcofcinterconnectedcmembranousctubescthatcfunctionscascactub
ularccommunicationcsystemcforctransportingcvariouscsubstancescfromconecpartcofcth
eccellctocanother
Ans:cA
Feedback:
Lysosomescarecsacscthatcarecfilledcwithchydrolyticcenzymescthatcaidcincthecprocessingcandcr
emovalcofcunwantedcsubstancescwithinctheccytoplasm.cThecGolgicapparatuscfunctionscinca
ssociationcwithcthecendoplasmiccreticulumctocmodifycandcpackagecsubstancescincpreparati
oncforcsecretion,cwhereascribosomescarecsmallcparticlescofcnucleoproteinscthatcarecinvolve
dcincthecsynthesiscofcproteins.cThecERciscactubularccommunicationcsystemcforctransportingc
variouscsubstancescfromconecpartcofctheccellctocanother.
5. Impairmentcincthecfunctioncofcperoxisomescwouldcresultcin:
A) Inadequatecsitescforcproteincsynthesis
B) Ancinabilityctoctransportccellularcproductscacrossctheccellcmembrane
C) Insufficientcenergycproductioncwithincaccell
D) Accumulationcofcfreecradicalscinctheccytoplasmc
Ans:cD
Feedback:
Peroxisomescfunctioncinctheccontrolcofcfreecradicals;cunlesscdegraded,cthesechighlycunstabl
ecchemicalccompoundscdamagecotherccytoplasmiccmolecules.cPeroxisomescdocnotcdirectlyc
contributectocenergycproduction,cproteincsynthesis,corctransportcofccellularcsecretions.
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,NURc326cPorthscEssentialscofcPathophysiologyc5thceditioncTB_compressedc(1)c(4)
6. Althoughcenergyciscnotcmadecincmitochondria,ctheycarecknowncascthec“powercplants”cofcth
eccellcbecausecthey:
A) ContaincRNAcforcproteincsynthesis
B) Utilizecglycolysiscforcoxidativecenergy
C) Extractcenergycfromcorganicccompounds
D) Storeccalciumcbondscforcmuscleccontractionsc
Ans:cC
Feedback:
Mitochondriaccontaincthecenzymescneededcforctransformingcorganicccompoundscintocener
gycthatcisceasilycaccessiblectoctheccell.cMitochondriaccontainctheircowncDNA.cGlycolysiscisc
anaerobiccmetabolismcandcunrelatedctocoxidativecenergy.cMitochondriacstorecphosphatecbo
ndsc(suchcascincATP)ctocpowerccellularcfunctions.
7. Semencanalysiscindicatescthatcthecclient'scspermchavecdecreasedcmotility.cWhichcofcthecf
ollowingccellularccomponentscmaycbecdefectivecwithincthecclient'scsperm?
A) Ribosomes
B) Microtubules
C) Mitochondria
D) Microfilaments
cAns:cB
Feedback:
Abnormalitiescincthecstructurecandcfunctioncofcmicrotubulescandcconsequentcdysfunctioncof
cthecflagellacmayccontributectocimpairedcspermcmotility. cRibosomes,cmicrofilaments,candc
mitochondriacdocnotcdirectlyccontributectocmovementcinccellscsuchcascciliacandcflagella.
8. Whencexplainingcthecfunctioncofcglycolysiscascitcrelatesctocanaerobiccmetabolism,cthecfa
cultycwillcmentioncwhichcofcthecfollowingckeycpoints?cSelectcallcthatcapply.
A) Glycolysiscrequirescthecusecofcoxygenctocbegincthecprocess.
B) Glycolysiscoccurscincmitochondrion-lackingccells.
C) Glycolysiscprovidescthecmajoritycofcthecbody'scenergycneeds.
D) Pyruviccacidciscancendcresultcfromcacseriescofcreactionscthatcconvertscglucose.cA
ns:cB,cD
Feedback:
Glycolysisciscthecanaerobiccprocesscbycwhichcenergyciscliberatedcfromcglucose,candcitciscanc
importantcsourcecofcenergycforccellscthatclackcmitochondria.cThecprocesscalsocprovidescacte
mporarycsourcecofcenergycforccellscthatcarecdeprivedcofcancadequatecsupplycofcoxygen.cGly
colysiscinvolvescacsequencecofcreactionscthatcconvertscglucosectocpyruviccacid,cwithcthecco
ncomitantcproductioncofcATPcfromcADP.cItcaccountscforcacsmallcminoritycofcthecbody'scen
ergycneedscandcresultscincNADH,chydrogencions,cATP,candcpyruviccacid.
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, NURc326cPorthscEssentialscofcPathophysiologyc5thceditioncTB_compressedc(1)c(4)
9. Aerobiccmetabolism,calsocknowncascoxidativecmetabolism,cprovidescenergyctocthecbodycb
y:
A) RemovingcthecphosphatecbondscfromcATP
B) Combiningchydrogencandcoxygenctocformcwater
C) Activatingcpyruvatecstoredcinctheccytoplasm
D) Breakingcdowncglucosectocformclacticcacidc
Ans:cB
Feedback:
Aerobiccmetabolismcinvolvesctheccombinationcofccarboncionscfromcdietarycnutrients,chydrogen
cions,candcoxygen.cThecresultcisccarboncdioxidecandcwatercascenergyciscreleased,cwhichciscstoredci
ncATP.cPhosphatecbondscarecaddedc(notcremovedcfrom)ctocADPctocformcATP.cPyruvateciscform
edcfromcglucosecincthecanaerobiccprocesscofcglycolysiscandciscconvertedctoclacticcacidcduringcan
aerobiccmetabolism.
10. Toceffectivelycrelaycsignals,ccell-to-
cellccommunicationcutilizescacchemicalcmessengercsystemcto:
A) Displacecsurfacecreceptorcproteins
B) Accumulatecwithinccellcgapcjunctions
C) Bindctoccontractilecmicrofilaments
D) Releasecsecretionscintocextracellularcfluidc
Ans:cD
Feedback:
Signalscarectransmittedcbycreleasingcchemicalcsecretionscintocextracellularcfluid.cChemical
csignalscmovecthrough ccell-to-
cellcjunctionsctocreachcotherccellscandcmaycattachctocsurfacecreceptorcproteins.cTheccytoplas
micccontractilecmicrofilamentscarecincapablecofctransmittingccommunicationcsignals.
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