Test Bank for Principles of Epidemiology for Advanced Nursing Practice 1st Edition by Beth - Ch. 1-11

BIOSTATISTICS & EPIDEMIOLOGY FOR MLS
f f f f


BEf100f\fMidterms



EPIDEMIOLOGY
BEf100fLECf-fMIDTERMS
● Etymology
TOPICfTITLE PAGE
○ Greekfroots:fepifmeaningf“upon”;fdemosfm
eaningf“people”forf“population”;fandflogosf
Basicf Epidemiologicf conceptsf andf Pri 1f-f7 meaningf“study”
nciples ● Epidemiology
MeasuresfOffDiseasefFrequen 8f-f15 ○ Studyfofffactorsfthatfdeterminefthefoccurren
cyfAndfMorbidity cef andf distributionfoffdiseasefinfafpopulation
● Epidemiologists
Epidemiologicf Surveillancef andf Epide 16f-f25 ○ Publicfhealthfprofessionalsfwhofinvestigatef
micfOutbreakfInvestigation patterns,fcausesfoffdisease,fandfinjuryfinfhu
mans
LESSONfO1:fBASICfEPIDEMIOLOGICfCONCEPTSfAN
DfPRINCIPLES
TYPESfOFfEPIDEMIOLOGY
❖ Epidemiology
➢ definition
➢ types Classicalf epidemiology
➢ scientificfstudyfoffdisease ● Populationforiented
❖ EtiologyfAndfThefNaturalfHistoryfOffDisease ● Studiesfthefcommunityforiginsfoffhealthfproblems
➢ stagesfoffdisease ● Interestedfinfdiscoveringfriskffactors
➢ mechanismsfoffdisease
➢ epidemiologicftriangle Clinicalf epidemiology
● Studiesfpatientsfinfhealthfcarefsettings
❖ BeingsfModel
● Improvefprevention,fearlyfdetection,fdiagnosis,ftreat
➢ Biologic/behavioral
ment,fprognosis,fandfcarefoffillnessfinfindividuals
➢ Environmental
➢ Immunologic Syndromicf epidemiology
➢ Nutritional ● Looksfforfpatternsfoffsignsfandfsymptomsfthatfindicat
➢ Genetic efanforiginfinfbioterrorism
➢ Services/social/spiritual
❖ EcologicalfIssuesfInfEpidemiology Infectiousf diseasef epidemiology
➢ SOLUTIONfOFfPUBLICfHEALT ● Studyfoffthefcomplexfrelationshipsfamongfhostsfandfi
HfPROBLEMSfANDfUNINTEND nfectiousfagents
EDfCREATIONfOFfNEWfPROB
LEMS
■ VaccinationfAndfPatternsfOffI Chronicf diseasef epidemiology
mmunity ● Addressesfthefetiology,fprevention,fdistribution,fnatur
■ EffectsfOffSanitation alfhistory,fandftreatmentfoutcomesfoffchronicfhealthfdi
■ VectorfControlfAndfLandfUsef sorders
Patterns
■ RiverfDamfConstructionfAndf
PatternsfOffDisease
❖ ContributionsfOffEpidemiologistsfInvestigatingfE
pidemicsfAndfNewfDiseases
➢ StudyingfThefBiologicfSpectrumfOff
Disease
➢ SurveillancefOffCommunityfHealthfI
nterventions
➢ SettingfDiseasefControlfPriorities
➢ ImprovingfDiagnosis,fTreatment,fAndf
PrognosisfOffClinicalfDisease
➢ ImprovingfHealthfServicesfResearch
➢ ProvidingfExpertfTestimonyfInfCourtsfOffL
aw
SCIENTIFICfSTUDYf OFfDISEASE

Thefscientificfstudyfoffdiseasefcanfbefapproachedfatftheffollowingff
ourflevels:




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, 1. Submolecularf orf molecularf levelf (e.g.f cellf biolog HOSTfFACTORS
y,fgenetics,fbiochemistry,fandfimmunology) ● Responsiblefforfthefdegreeftofwhichfthefindividualfisfab
2. Tissueforforganflevelf(e.g.fanatomicfpathology) leftofadaptftofthefstressorsfproducedfbyfthefagent
3. Levelfoffindividualfpatientsf(e.g.fclinicalfmedicine) ● Hostf resistance:
4. Levelfoffpopulationsf(e.g.fepidemiology) ○ Genotype
○ Nutritionalf status
○ Bodyfmassfindex
○ Immunefsystem
○ Socialfbehavior
ETIOLOGYfANDfTHEfNATURALfHISTORYfOFfDISEAS
E AGENTSfOFfDISEASEfORfILLNESS

STAGESfOFfDISEASE ● Categories:
○ Biologicfagents
■ Allergens,finfectiousforganisms,fbi
ologicalftoxins,ffoods
○ Chemicalfagents
■ Chemicalftoxins,fdusts
○ Physicalfagents
■ Kineticf energy,f radiation,f heat,fco
ld,fnoise
○ Socialfandfpsychologicalfstressors
■ Anxiety,fdepression

ENVIRONMENT
● Influencesf thef probabilityf andf circumstancesf offconta
ctfbetweenfthefhostfandfthefagent

MECHANISMfANDfCAUSESf OFfDISEASE VECTORS
● Tofbefanfeffectiveftransmitterfoffdisease,fafvectorfmus
- tfhavefafspecificfrelationshipftofthefagent,fthefenviron
Biologicalfmechanismsfvsf social,f behavioral ment,fandfthefhost
,f andfenvironmentalfcausesfoffafdisease ● Mayf include:
○ Insects,farachnids,fmammals
○ Humanfgroups
○ Inanimatefobjects
○ Partfoffthefenvironment




RISKfFACTORSfANDfPREVENTABLEfCAUSES

● Intrinsicffactorsf–
f genetics,f nutritionalf status,f reproductivefactivities,fpe
THEf EPIDEMIOLOGICf TRIANGLE rsonalfbehavior

● Extrinsicffactorsf–
fmanmadeforf naturallyf occurringfcarcinogens,fviralfinf

ections,fetc.

● WHOfestimatesfmajorityfoffcancerfcasesfarefpotential
lyfpreventable




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, “E”f–fENVIRONMENTALfFACTORS

● Epidemiologistsfdescribefthefpatternsfoffthefdisease,f
developfandftestfhypothesesfaboutfcausalffactors,fan
dfintroducefmethodsftofpreventffurtherfcasesfoffdisea
se


“I”f–fIMMUNOLOGICfFACTORS

● Smallpox
○ Firstfinfectiousfdiseasefknownftofhavefbeenf
eradicatedffromfthefglobe
● Herdfimmunity
○ Whenfafvaccinefdiminishesfanfimmunizedfp
erson’sfabilityftofspreadfthefdisease,fleading
ftofreducedfdiseaseftransmission

● Immunodeficiency
○ Geneticfabnormalities
○ Infections,fcertainfmedications
BEINGSfMODEL
“N”f–fNUTRITIONALfFACTORS

● Dietaryfvariationsfplayfanfimportantfrolefinfproducingf
differencesfinfdiseasefratesfamongfpopulations




“B”f–fBIOLOGICfANDfBEHAVIORALfFACTORS

● Influencedfbyfgender,fage,fweight,fbonefdensity,fetc.
● Riskf factors:
○ Cigarettefsmoking
○ Overweightf/fobesity
○ Unprotectedfsexualfintercourse “G”f–fGENETICfFACTORS
○ Excessivefalcoholfintake
○ Abusefofflegalfandfillegalfdrugs
○ Drivingfunderfthefinfluence f

○ Homicidef/fsuicidefattempts
● Geneticfepidemiology
○ Addressesfthefdistributionfoffnormalfandfab
normalfgenesfinfafgivenfpopulation
● Heritability
○ Contributionfoffgenesfrelativeftofallfdetermin
antsfoffdisease
● Geneticfscreening
○ Importantfinfidentifyingfproblemsfinfnewborn
sfandfinfdeterminingfsusceptibilityfgenes


“S”f–
fSERVICES,fSOCIALfFACTORS,fANDfSPIRITUALfF


ACTORS

● Medicalfcarefservices
○ Mayfbefbeneficialftofhealthfbutfcanfalsofbefda
ngerous




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