NES Secondary Professional Knowledge
Exam Questions and Answers 100%
Solved
Theory: What is Erikson's theory? - ✔✔Psychosocial Theory of
Development -
Individuals experience internal conflicts at various stages of life (crises)
which are resolved through interaction with others
Theory: What does Erikson's theory suggest about secondary students? -
✔✔Competence: Industry vs. inferiority (ages 5~12)
Fidelity: Identity vs. Role Confusion (ages 13~19)
Theory: What can a teacher do to help students based on Erikson's theory?
- ✔✔Help students explore identity, beliefs, careers, and responsibilities.
Model career choices. Help students find resources to work out personal
problems. Give many "second chances"
Theory: What is Piaget's theory? - ✔✔Theory of Cognitive Development -
1
©JOSHCLAY 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
,Infants are born with sensory and reflexive skills that they use to engage
the environment and ultimately construct mental representations of it
Theory: What does Piaget's Theory suggest about secondary students? -
✔✔-Concrete Operational (ages 7~11) time, space, and quantity are
understood and can be applied but not as independent concepts
-Formal Operations (age 11+) theoretical, hypothetical, and counterfactual
thinking,
abstract logic and reasoning
Theory: What can a teacher do to help students based on Piaget's theory?
- ✔✔Concrete Operational Student: use props, visual aids, manipulatives,
well-organized presentation, use familiar examples
Formal Operational Student: continue to use concrete operational teaching,
hypothetical questions, scientific reasoning, teach broad concepts not just
facts, inwards reflection
Theory: What is Vygotsky's Theory? - ✔✔Social Development Theory -
children's thought structures develop through interaction with individuals in
their environments, informed by the culture in which they live
2
©JOSHCLAY 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
,Theory: What does Piaget's Theory suggest about secondary students? -
✔✔Work within students' ZPD
Theory: What can a teacher do to help students based on Vygotsky's
theory? - ✔✔-Scaffolding
-accessibility to tools that support thinking
-build on cultural funds of knowledge
-utilize dialogue and learning groups
Vocabulary: Scaffolding - ✔✔providing sufficient support to promote
learning when concepts and skills are being first introduced to students.
Might include:
-resources
-a compelling task
-templates and guides
-guidance on the development of cognitive and social skills
Vocabulary: ZPD - ✔✔The zone of proximal development (ZPD) is the
difference between what a learner can do without help and what they can
do with help
Theory: What is Kohlberg's Theory? - ✔✔Stages of Moral Development -
3
©JOSHCLAY 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
, Moral reasoning, the basis for ethical behavior, has six identifiable
developmental stages, each more adequate at responding to moral
dilemmas than its predecessor
Theory: What does Kohlberg's Theory suggest about secondary students?
- ✔✔Secondary students will fall somewhere in these levels:
-Interpersonal accord and conformity
-Authority and social-order maintaining orientation
-Social contract orientation
Theory: What can a teacher do to help students based on Kohlberg's
theory? - ✔✔Help students:
examine their dilemmas, see others' perspectives, help students really
listen to each other, and ensure your class reflects concern for moral
issues and values
Development: What 3 areas of development occur in secondary students? -
✔✔1) Physical/biological
2) Cognitive
3) Socioemotional (including moral)
4
©JOSHCLAY 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
Exam Questions and Answers 100%
Solved
Theory: What is Erikson's theory? - ✔✔Psychosocial Theory of
Development -
Individuals experience internal conflicts at various stages of life (crises)
which are resolved through interaction with others
Theory: What does Erikson's theory suggest about secondary students? -
✔✔Competence: Industry vs. inferiority (ages 5~12)
Fidelity: Identity vs. Role Confusion (ages 13~19)
Theory: What can a teacher do to help students based on Erikson's theory?
- ✔✔Help students explore identity, beliefs, careers, and responsibilities.
Model career choices. Help students find resources to work out personal
problems. Give many "second chances"
Theory: What is Piaget's theory? - ✔✔Theory of Cognitive Development -
1
©JOSHCLAY 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
,Infants are born with sensory and reflexive skills that they use to engage
the environment and ultimately construct mental representations of it
Theory: What does Piaget's Theory suggest about secondary students? -
✔✔-Concrete Operational (ages 7~11) time, space, and quantity are
understood and can be applied but not as independent concepts
-Formal Operations (age 11+) theoretical, hypothetical, and counterfactual
thinking,
abstract logic and reasoning
Theory: What can a teacher do to help students based on Piaget's theory?
- ✔✔Concrete Operational Student: use props, visual aids, manipulatives,
well-organized presentation, use familiar examples
Formal Operational Student: continue to use concrete operational teaching,
hypothetical questions, scientific reasoning, teach broad concepts not just
facts, inwards reflection
Theory: What is Vygotsky's Theory? - ✔✔Social Development Theory -
children's thought structures develop through interaction with individuals in
their environments, informed by the culture in which they live
2
©JOSHCLAY 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
,Theory: What does Piaget's Theory suggest about secondary students? -
✔✔Work within students' ZPD
Theory: What can a teacher do to help students based on Vygotsky's
theory? - ✔✔-Scaffolding
-accessibility to tools that support thinking
-build on cultural funds of knowledge
-utilize dialogue and learning groups
Vocabulary: Scaffolding - ✔✔providing sufficient support to promote
learning when concepts and skills are being first introduced to students.
Might include:
-resources
-a compelling task
-templates and guides
-guidance on the development of cognitive and social skills
Vocabulary: ZPD - ✔✔The zone of proximal development (ZPD) is the
difference between what a learner can do without help and what they can
do with help
Theory: What is Kohlberg's Theory? - ✔✔Stages of Moral Development -
3
©JOSHCLAY 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
, Moral reasoning, the basis for ethical behavior, has six identifiable
developmental stages, each more adequate at responding to moral
dilemmas than its predecessor
Theory: What does Kohlberg's Theory suggest about secondary students?
- ✔✔Secondary students will fall somewhere in these levels:
-Interpersonal accord and conformity
-Authority and social-order maintaining orientation
-Social contract orientation
Theory: What can a teacher do to help students based on Kohlberg's
theory? - ✔✔Help students:
examine their dilemmas, see others' perspectives, help students really
listen to each other, and ensure your class reflects concern for moral
issues and values
Development: What 3 areas of development occur in secondary students? -
✔✔1) Physical/biological
2) Cognitive
3) Socioemotional (including moral)
4
©JOSHCLAY 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
