A&P == Immunity Questions and Answers
1. Which immune system are we born with
Innate Adaptive: Innate
2. Our first barrier to invasion is?: Skin Mucous
membranes
3. There are two intrinsic defense systems involved in protecting human or- ganisms from disease: Non-Specific
(innate) systems Specific (adaptive) systems
4. What are the differences between innate and adaptive systems: Response Time: immediate; are preformed
some delay
Range of Targets: each system is effective against a wide variety of targets; selective adaptive responses, selective respons
to each target
Body Structures: barriers to invasion (skin, mucous membranes), chemicals and cells (phagocytes, NK cells); B
lymphocytes, T lymphocytes antigen presenting cells
No memory; memory
5. Characteristics that make intact skin a good barrier include: 30-50 rows of stratified, keratinized epithelium
• slightly acidic pH (3-5)
• Salt (NaCl) in sweat discourages bacterial growth
• secretions contain antibacterial chemicals (lysozyme, fatty acids)
• normal flora compete with pathogens
6. Characteristics of mucous membranes that make it a good barrier include-
: non-keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium
• acidic pH (stomach, vagina during childbearing years)
• hair, cilia, mucous which helps to trap foreign particles
• saliva contains lysozyme
• normal flora compete with pathogens
7. Cells that can eat or engulf pathogens: Phagocytes
8. Examples of phagocytes: macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils and mast cells
9. phagocytes must first adhere to the microbe.........via carbohydrates on the pathogen cell surface: Adherence
10.the part of an antigen molecule to which an antibody attaches itself: Epi- tope
11.coating of the pathogen with antibodies or complement proteins (plasma proteins) marking it for
destruction: Opsonization
, A&P == Immunity Questions and Answers
12.What phagocytes migrate to the injured area first: neutrophils first, mono- cytes/macrophages later
13.Phagocyte mobilization/migration involves the following steps: leukocyto- sis
margination diapedesis
chemotaxis
14.When there is increased WBC production in bone marrow: leukocytosis
15.When WBCs adhere to the capillary wall in areas of inflammation: margina- tion
16.When leukocytes squeeze through the capillary wall: diapedesis
17.When chemical mediators of inflammation attract the WBCs to the site of inflammation: chemotaxis
18.Mechanism of Phagocytosis: 1. Phagocyte must adhere to particle
-Some microorganisms evade adherence with capsule
2. Opsonization marks pathogens—coating by complement proteins or antibodies
3. Cytoplasmic extensions bind to and engulf particle in vesicle called phagosome
4. Phagosome fuses with lysosome, phagolysosome
5. Pathogens killed by
a. acidifying and digesting with lysosomal enzymes
b.Helper T cells cause release of enzymes of respiratory burst, which kill pathogens resistant to lysosomal enzymes by
-Releasing cell-killing free radicals
-Producing oxidizing chemicals (e.g., H2O2)
-Increasing pH and osmolarity of phagolysosome
c. Defensins (in neutrophils) pierce membrane
19.coating of a target with antibody or compliment protein to enhance its attachment to a phagocyte;
improves adherence: Opsonization
20.How do T helper cells kill pathogens: •respiratory burst
• Free radicals
• Producing oxidizing chemicals like H2O2
.increasing pH and osmolarity
21.are a group of large, granular lymphocytes that can lyse and kill cancer cells and virus infected cells via
apoptosis or by releasing perforins and granzyme B: Natural Killer Cells
1. Which immune system are we born with
Innate Adaptive: Innate
2. Our first barrier to invasion is?: Skin Mucous
membranes
3. There are two intrinsic defense systems involved in protecting human or- ganisms from disease: Non-Specific
(innate) systems Specific (adaptive) systems
4. What are the differences between innate and adaptive systems: Response Time: immediate; are preformed
some delay
Range of Targets: each system is effective against a wide variety of targets; selective adaptive responses, selective respons
to each target
Body Structures: barriers to invasion (skin, mucous membranes), chemicals and cells (phagocytes, NK cells); B
lymphocytes, T lymphocytes antigen presenting cells
No memory; memory
5. Characteristics that make intact skin a good barrier include: 30-50 rows of stratified, keratinized epithelium
• slightly acidic pH (3-5)
• Salt (NaCl) in sweat discourages bacterial growth
• secretions contain antibacterial chemicals (lysozyme, fatty acids)
• normal flora compete with pathogens
6. Characteristics of mucous membranes that make it a good barrier include-
: non-keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium
• acidic pH (stomach, vagina during childbearing years)
• hair, cilia, mucous which helps to trap foreign particles
• saliva contains lysozyme
• normal flora compete with pathogens
7. Cells that can eat or engulf pathogens: Phagocytes
8. Examples of phagocytes: macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils and mast cells
9. phagocytes must first adhere to the microbe.........via carbohydrates on the pathogen cell surface: Adherence
10.the part of an antigen molecule to which an antibody attaches itself: Epi- tope
11.coating of the pathogen with antibodies or complement proteins (plasma proteins) marking it for
destruction: Opsonization
, A&P == Immunity Questions and Answers
12.What phagocytes migrate to the injured area first: neutrophils first, mono- cytes/macrophages later
13.Phagocyte mobilization/migration involves the following steps: leukocyto- sis
margination diapedesis
chemotaxis
14.When there is increased WBC production in bone marrow: leukocytosis
15.When WBCs adhere to the capillary wall in areas of inflammation: margina- tion
16.When leukocytes squeeze through the capillary wall: diapedesis
17.When chemical mediators of inflammation attract the WBCs to the site of inflammation: chemotaxis
18.Mechanism of Phagocytosis: 1. Phagocyte must adhere to particle
-Some microorganisms evade adherence with capsule
2. Opsonization marks pathogens—coating by complement proteins or antibodies
3. Cytoplasmic extensions bind to and engulf particle in vesicle called phagosome
4. Phagosome fuses with lysosome, phagolysosome
5. Pathogens killed by
a. acidifying and digesting with lysosomal enzymes
b.Helper T cells cause release of enzymes of respiratory burst, which kill pathogens resistant to lysosomal enzymes by
-Releasing cell-killing free radicals
-Producing oxidizing chemicals (e.g., H2O2)
-Increasing pH and osmolarity of phagolysosome
c. Defensins (in neutrophils) pierce membrane
19.coating of a target with antibody or compliment protein to enhance its attachment to a phagocyte;
improves adherence: Opsonization
20.How do T helper cells kill pathogens: •respiratory burst
• Free radicals
• Producing oxidizing chemicals like H2O2
.increasing pH and osmolarity
21.are a group of large, granular lymphocytes that can lyse and kill cancer cells and virus infected cells via
apoptosis or by releasing perforins and granzyme B: Natural Killer Cells
