Name: Score:
84 Multiple choice questions
Definition 1 of 84
Fuel consumption can be calculated if you know the burn rate and time. Firstly put the burn
rate on the outside scale above the 60 on the inside scale. Find the time on the inside scale and
the consumption will read directly above this on the outside scale.
18.28.11 assess the environmental impact of fuel consumption.
18.28.9 estimate the total distance based on fuel consumption.
18.28.10 Determine the speed of the aircraft from fuel burn.
18.28.8 Calculate fuel consumption, given the burn rate and time.
,Definition 2 of 84
To calculate the time and distance to the PNR you require the following:
- Ground speed out (to the destination)
- Ground speed home (from the destination)
- Endurance of fuel
Put the GSH/GSH+GSO on the flight computer find the Endurance on the inside and the time to
PNR will read above. Once you have the time to PNR you can calculate the distance to PNR
using the Ground speeds.
The above is for a single leg PNR, for a multi leg PNR (a change in ground speed at some
point) The point at which this ground speed changes will determine how you work out the PNR.
If the GS changes at the PNR we will just look at the first sector and it is done the same as a
single leg PNR. However if the GS changes at a certain distance you will firstly need to
calculate the amount of fuel that is used up travelling in the first sector and back. If this time
exceeds the fuel endurance the PNR will lie in the first sector and can be solved as a single leg
PNR as above. If the time taken is less than the total endurance then you will need to find the
remaining endurance and use this with the ground speeds in the 2nd sector.
18.58.2 Define and calculate:
(a) time and distance to the point of no return (PNR);
18.16.2 Define Local Mean Time (LMT)
18.48.2 Describe the techniques and procedures for:
(c) maintaining a flight log;
18.58.2 Define and calculate:
(b) time and distance to a departure/destination equi-time point (ETP).
,Definition 3 of 84
When selecting altitudes it is important that you are at appropriate altitudes to clear terrain with
a minimum 500ft clearance. You must also ensure that you comply with the magnetic track
cruising altitudes for the cruise portions of your flight.
18.40.4 List the factors to be considered when selecting altitudes at which to fly in the
cruise.
18.40.7 discuss the effects of altitude on fuel efficiency.
18.40.6 explain how to calculate the weight of the aircraft at different altitudes.
18.40.5 describe the best altitudes for landing approaches.
Definition 4 of 84
By doing g/s checks along our track we can work out if there will be changes to our ETA. If we
work out that our g/s is slower or faster than planned we can apply this new g/s to the distance
we have left on our track and obtain a new ETA for our destination. Once we have done this we
can advise ATC.
18.48.4 Describe techniques for:
(d) amending ETA.
18.48.2 describe the techniques and procedures for:
(e) approaching/rejoining at a destination aerodrome
18.8.2 define:
(b) ground speed (gs);
18.48.4 Describe techniques for: (a) position Fixing;
, Definition 5 of 84
The speed of the aircraft relative to the ground. This is measured in knots and indicates the
number of nautical miles of ground covered in 1 hour.
18.8.2 Define:
(b) ground speed (GS);
18.12.2 Define:
(c) pressure altitude (PA);
18.12.2 Define:
(e) flight level (FL);
18.12.2 Define:
(f) transition altitude;
Definition 6 of 84
Find LITRES, IMP GAL, and US GAL written on the outer scale. On the inner scale line up the
number with unit on the outer scale that you know. Under the other units the conversion will
read on the inner scale.
18.28.14 Convert between:
(e) litres, imperial and US gallons (± 2%);
18.28.14 Convert between:
(c) metres and feet (± 2%);
18.28.14 Convert between:
(a) degrees Fahrenheit and Celsius;
18.28.10 Calculate the fuel burn rate, given the consumption and time.
84 Multiple choice questions
Definition 1 of 84
Fuel consumption can be calculated if you know the burn rate and time. Firstly put the burn
rate on the outside scale above the 60 on the inside scale. Find the time on the inside scale and
the consumption will read directly above this on the outside scale.
18.28.11 assess the environmental impact of fuel consumption.
18.28.9 estimate the total distance based on fuel consumption.
18.28.10 Determine the speed of the aircraft from fuel burn.
18.28.8 Calculate fuel consumption, given the burn rate and time.
,Definition 2 of 84
To calculate the time and distance to the PNR you require the following:
- Ground speed out (to the destination)
- Ground speed home (from the destination)
- Endurance of fuel
Put the GSH/GSH+GSO on the flight computer find the Endurance on the inside and the time to
PNR will read above. Once you have the time to PNR you can calculate the distance to PNR
using the Ground speeds.
The above is for a single leg PNR, for a multi leg PNR (a change in ground speed at some
point) The point at which this ground speed changes will determine how you work out the PNR.
If the GS changes at the PNR we will just look at the first sector and it is done the same as a
single leg PNR. However if the GS changes at a certain distance you will firstly need to
calculate the amount of fuel that is used up travelling in the first sector and back. If this time
exceeds the fuel endurance the PNR will lie in the first sector and can be solved as a single leg
PNR as above. If the time taken is less than the total endurance then you will need to find the
remaining endurance and use this with the ground speeds in the 2nd sector.
18.58.2 Define and calculate:
(a) time and distance to the point of no return (PNR);
18.16.2 Define Local Mean Time (LMT)
18.48.2 Describe the techniques and procedures for:
(c) maintaining a flight log;
18.58.2 Define and calculate:
(b) time and distance to a departure/destination equi-time point (ETP).
,Definition 3 of 84
When selecting altitudes it is important that you are at appropriate altitudes to clear terrain with
a minimum 500ft clearance. You must also ensure that you comply with the magnetic track
cruising altitudes for the cruise portions of your flight.
18.40.4 List the factors to be considered when selecting altitudes at which to fly in the
cruise.
18.40.7 discuss the effects of altitude on fuel efficiency.
18.40.6 explain how to calculate the weight of the aircraft at different altitudes.
18.40.5 describe the best altitudes for landing approaches.
Definition 4 of 84
By doing g/s checks along our track we can work out if there will be changes to our ETA. If we
work out that our g/s is slower or faster than planned we can apply this new g/s to the distance
we have left on our track and obtain a new ETA for our destination. Once we have done this we
can advise ATC.
18.48.4 Describe techniques for:
(d) amending ETA.
18.48.2 describe the techniques and procedures for:
(e) approaching/rejoining at a destination aerodrome
18.8.2 define:
(b) ground speed (gs);
18.48.4 Describe techniques for: (a) position Fixing;
, Definition 5 of 84
The speed of the aircraft relative to the ground. This is measured in knots and indicates the
number of nautical miles of ground covered in 1 hour.
18.8.2 Define:
(b) ground speed (GS);
18.12.2 Define:
(c) pressure altitude (PA);
18.12.2 Define:
(e) flight level (FL);
18.12.2 Define:
(f) transition altitude;
Definition 6 of 84
Find LITRES, IMP GAL, and US GAL written on the outer scale. On the inner scale line up the
number with unit on the outer scale that you know. Under the other units the conversion will
read on the inner scale.
18.28.14 Convert between:
(e) litres, imperial and US gallons (± 2%);
18.28.14 Convert between:
(c) metres and feet (± 2%);
18.28.14 Convert between:
(a) degrees Fahrenheit and Celsius;
18.28.10 Calculate the fuel burn rate, given the consumption and time.
