NUR352 EXAM 1 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ELABORATIONS
GRADED A
1. What are the elements of the chain of infection?: 1. Infectious Agent
2. Reservoir
3. Portal of Exit
4. Mode of Transmission
5. Portal of Entry
6. Susceptible Host
2. Describe an infectious agent and some factors in causing disease?: bacte-
ria, virus, fungi, parasites, protozoa
factors:
-number present
-virulence (ability to produce disease)
-susceptibility of host
3. Describe a susceptible host and some factors?: an individual who is at risk of
infection
factors: immune status, strength and numbers of microorganisms (virulence-ability
to produce disease)
4. What are some risk factors that affect susceptibility?: -age
-gender (males are generally more susceptible than females to bacterial infections)
-compromised immune system
-health status (unhealthy people are more at risk)
-medication usage (immune suppressing drugs)
5. Describe a reservoir and some examples?: the environment or host in which
the infectious agent resides and multiplies
ex.) human, animal (hosts); insects, food, water, and inanimate surfaces
6. Describe what is mode of transmission and some types?: infectious agent is
transferred from the reservoir to a susceptible host
types: direct contact, indirect contact, droplet, airborne, vector borne (insects like
mosquitoes & ticks), vehicle borne (contaminated medium to people)
7. What is a major mode of transmission of infections?: hands of health care
workers
-equipment: stethoscope, thermometer, BP cuff, badge, cell phone
8. Describe Portal of entry and list some examples?: the route through which the
infectious agent enters a susceptible host to allow itself to grow and replicate
,ex.) can be any body orifice (opening): ears, nose, mouth, or the skin
, 9. Describe portal of exit and list some examples?: the route through which the
infectious agent leaves the reservoir
ex.) respiratory secretions, blood, feces, other bodily fluids, and any body orifice
(opening)
10. What are some manifestations of inflammation?: heat, redness, swelling,
pain, loss of function, fever, discharge/ drainage, and changes in vital signs (ex.
increased heart rate, blood pressure drops, respiratory rate may increase)
11. What are some common diagnostic tests tests for infections?: Laboratory:
-Complete blood count (with WBC differential)
**Expected range for WBC= 5000-10,000/mm3**
-C reactive protein (CRP) -Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)
-Culture and sensitivity
-Serological tests to detect specific antibodies or viruses
Radiographic studies:
- MRI (generate images of the organs in your body)
- CAT/ CT scan (detailed internal images)
-PET and indium scans (detects abscesses or infections)
- X rays (see bones)
12. Assessment of Risk for infection: 1. Thorough health history (Ask about there
genetics, history of smoking and drinking, have you been exposed to anything, have
you had any major surgeries recently, allergies, current medications, if they have
traveled recently)
2. Physical assessment
-look for presence of infection
-look for pain, body temp., scabs or anything on their skin, any inflammatory
responses that are related to infection
13. What is primary prevention and some examples?: aims to prevent disease
before it occurs
ex.) vaccinations, hygiene, physical fitness, good nutritional status, hand hygiene
and infection control practices
14. What is secondary prevention and some examples?: early detection through
screening and preventing it from getting worse
ex.) post-exposure vaccines, screening tests (like mammograms, Pap smears, and
GRADED A
1. What are the elements of the chain of infection?: 1. Infectious Agent
2. Reservoir
3. Portal of Exit
4. Mode of Transmission
5. Portal of Entry
6. Susceptible Host
2. Describe an infectious agent and some factors in causing disease?: bacte-
ria, virus, fungi, parasites, protozoa
factors:
-number present
-virulence (ability to produce disease)
-susceptibility of host
3. Describe a susceptible host and some factors?: an individual who is at risk of
infection
factors: immune status, strength and numbers of microorganisms (virulence-ability
to produce disease)
4. What are some risk factors that affect susceptibility?: -age
-gender (males are generally more susceptible than females to bacterial infections)
-compromised immune system
-health status (unhealthy people are more at risk)
-medication usage (immune suppressing drugs)
5. Describe a reservoir and some examples?: the environment or host in which
the infectious agent resides and multiplies
ex.) human, animal (hosts); insects, food, water, and inanimate surfaces
6. Describe what is mode of transmission and some types?: infectious agent is
transferred from the reservoir to a susceptible host
types: direct contact, indirect contact, droplet, airborne, vector borne (insects like
mosquitoes & ticks), vehicle borne (contaminated medium to people)
7. What is a major mode of transmission of infections?: hands of health care
workers
-equipment: stethoscope, thermometer, BP cuff, badge, cell phone
8. Describe Portal of entry and list some examples?: the route through which the
infectious agent enters a susceptible host to allow itself to grow and replicate
,ex.) can be any body orifice (opening): ears, nose, mouth, or the skin
, 9. Describe portal of exit and list some examples?: the route through which the
infectious agent leaves the reservoir
ex.) respiratory secretions, blood, feces, other bodily fluids, and any body orifice
(opening)
10. What are some manifestations of inflammation?: heat, redness, swelling,
pain, loss of function, fever, discharge/ drainage, and changes in vital signs (ex.
increased heart rate, blood pressure drops, respiratory rate may increase)
11. What are some common diagnostic tests tests for infections?: Laboratory:
-Complete blood count (with WBC differential)
**Expected range for WBC= 5000-10,000/mm3**
-C reactive protein (CRP) -Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)
-Culture and sensitivity
-Serological tests to detect specific antibodies or viruses
Radiographic studies:
- MRI (generate images of the organs in your body)
- CAT/ CT scan (detailed internal images)
-PET and indium scans (detects abscesses or infections)
- X rays (see bones)
12. Assessment of Risk for infection: 1. Thorough health history (Ask about there
genetics, history of smoking and drinking, have you been exposed to anything, have
you had any major surgeries recently, allergies, current medications, if they have
traveled recently)
2. Physical assessment
-look for presence of infection
-look for pain, body temp., scabs or anything on their skin, any inflammatory
responses that are related to infection
13. What is primary prevention and some examples?: aims to prevent disease
before it occurs
ex.) vaccinations, hygiene, physical fitness, good nutritional status, hand hygiene
and infection control practices
14. What is secondary prevention and some examples?: early detection through
screening and preventing it from getting worse
ex.) post-exposure vaccines, screening tests (like mammograms, Pap smears, and
