NURG 533 Patho Module 9: Renal and Urologic System
1. What prevents reflux of urine back into the ureters?: Contraction of the blad- der during micturition (urination)
compresses the lower end of the ureter, preventing reflux.
2. How does hypoxia of the kidneys affect the release of erythropoietin?: A decrease in oxygen to the kidney
stimulates the release of erythropoietin. Which then stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells (p.1241).
3. What would make urine have a turbid appearance?: When formed substances (crystals, blood cells, or casts) are
in the urine, it appears turbid.
4. These indicate inflammation, infection, or metabolic disorder: Crystals
5. Briefly describe how aging affects the kidneys:: Decreases kidney size, RBF and GFR, number of nephrons from
renal vascular and perfusion changes, de- creased tubular transport response, and elimination of drugs. Increased
sclerotic glomerular capillaries, increased excretion of glucose, bladder symptoms (frequen- cy, urgency, nocturia).
6. are common causes of upper urinary tract obstructions:
kidney stones
7. About 80% of renal calculi are composed of:: calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate
8. An alkaline pH increases the risk of stones, whereas acidic urine
increases the risk of stones.: Calcium phosphate uric acid
9. A stone smaller than has about a 50% chance of spontaneous passage, while a
stone that is has almost no chance
of passage.: 5mm
1cm or larger
10.inflammation of the bladder, can be asymptomatic, symptoms include frequency, urgency, dysuria, and low
back/ suprapubic pain. Diagnosed by the presence of nitrites and leukocytes in urine and possible hematuria. Treat
with antibiotics: acute cystitis
11.more difficult to treat/manage that acute cystitis. Will present with symp- toms of UTI but will have
negative cultures. Nonbacterial infectious cys- titis, noninfectious cystitis (radiation or chemical), and interstitial
cystitis (autoimmune, hypersensitivity). Symptoms of cystitis longer than 6 weeks with negative urine cultures
and no other known cause. Treat with oral and intravesicular therapies, sacral nerve stimulation,
onabotulinumtoxin A, or surgery: Interstitial Cystitis/Painful Bladder Syndrome
12.acute infection of ureter, renal pelvis, and/or renal parenchyma. Clinical manifestations include flank pain,
fever, chills, CVA tenderness, and purulent
1/
3
1. What prevents reflux of urine back into the ureters?: Contraction of the blad- der during micturition (urination)
compresses the lower end of the ureter, preventing reflux.
2. How does hypoxia of the kidneys affect the release of erythropoietin?: A decrease in oxygen to the kidney
stimulates the release of erythropoietin. Which then stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells (p.1241).
3. What would make urine have a turbid appearance?: When formed substances (crystals, blood cells, or casts) are
in the urine, it appears turbid.
4. These indicate inflammation, infection, or metabolic disorder: Crystals
5. Briefly describe how aging affects the kidneys:: Decreases kidney size, RBF and GFR, number of nephrons from
renal vascular and perfusion changes, de- creased tubular transport response, and elimination of drugs. Increased
sclerotic glomerular capillaries, increased excretion of glucose, bladder symptoms (frequen- cy, urgency, nocturia).
6. are common causes of upper urinary tract obstructions:
kidney stones
7. About 80% of renal calculi are composed of:: calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate
8. An alkaline pH increases the risk of stones, whereas acidic urine
increases the risk of stones.: Calcium phosphate uric acid
9. A stone smaller than has about a 50% chance of spontaneous passage, while a
stone that is has almost no chance
of passage.: 5mm
1cm or larger
10.inflammation of the bladder, can be asymptomatic, symptoms include frequency, urgency, dysuria, and low
back/ suprapubic pain. Diagnosed by the presence of nitrites and leukocytes in urine and possible hematuria. Treat
with antibiotics: acute cystitis
11.more difficult to treat/manage that acute cystitis. Will present with symp- toms of UTI but will have
negative cultures. Nonbacterial infectious cys- titis, noninfectious cystitis (radiation or chemical), and interstitial
cystitis (autoimmune, hypersensitivity). Symptoms of cystitis longer than 6 weeks with negative urine cultures
and no other known cause. Treat with oral and intravesicular therapies, sacral nerve stimulation,
onabotulinumtoxin A, or surgery: Interstitial Cystitis/Painful Bladder Syndrome
12.acute infection of ureter, renal pelvis, and/or renal parenchyma. Clinical manifestations include flank pain,
fever, chills, CVA tenderness, and purulent
1/
3
