NURG 533 Patho Module 10: Reproductive system
1. . What are produced in the testes?.: Sperm, sex hormones (androgens and testosterone).
2. What happens to sperm during the 12 days that they are in the epididymis?: - When the sperm enter the
epididymis, they are not fully mature or motile, nor capable of fertilizing an ovum. They receive nutrients and
testosterone from epididymal epithelium, and their capacity for fertilization in enhanced. After traveling the length of the
epididymis, the sperm are stored in the epididymal tail, which is continuous with the vas deferens.
3. Spermatogenesis occurs in the:: seminiferous tubules of the testes
4. What factors can influence the timing of puberty?: Genetics, general health, ethnicity, environment, and nutrition
(weight, body fat, leptin).
5. this likely increases adipose tissue allowing maturation to occur: leptin
6. Sex hormones are synthesized from:: cholesterol
7. Name the two female dominant sex hormones. Where are they produced?-
: Estrogen and progesterone produced primarily by the ovaries
8. Male sex hormones:: androgens (testosterone)
9. This is produced in the hypothalamus and stimulates the synthesis and se- cretion of luteinizing hormone and
follicle stimulating hormone by the anterior pituitary . It is controlled by a negative-feedback system.:
Gonadotropin-releas- ing hormone (GnRH)
10.This is secreted by anterior pituitary, causes milk production: prolactin
11.What are the 3 types of estrogens?: Estrone (E1), Estradoil (E2), Estriol (E3)
12.Which estrogen is the most plentiful?: Estradiol
13.LH stimulates ovary to release an ova and this:
aka the pregnancy hormone.: progesterone
14.Relaxes smooth muscle in myometrium, preventing premature contrac- tions, thickens myometrium,
preparing for labor, prevents lactation until fetus is born, and prevents additional maturation of ova by
supressing LH and FSH.: Progesterone
15.In what cells are the androgens mainly produced in males?: mainly in the Leydig cells of the testes.
16.This acts on Leydig cells to regulate testosterone secretion: LH
17.This acts on seminiferous tubule Sertoli cells to promote spermatogene- sis.: FSH
18.True or False? The level of testosterone is under negative-feedback: a rising level of testosterone
suppresses the release of GnHR from the hypo- thalamus.: True
19.What is the most potent androgen? Testosterone is a precursor: Dihy- drotestosterone (DHT)
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6
, NURG 533 Patho Module 10: Reproductive system
20.What is puberty?: the onset of sexual maturation
21.Higher levels of which hormone is linked to obesity and early puberty in females?: estrogen
22.What signifies the completion of male puberty?: The first ejaculation that contains mature sperm
23.What signifies the completion of female puberty?: The first ovulatory men- strual period (may take 1-2 years
after menarche).
24. What do these two milestones have in common?: Puberty is complete in both girls and boys when they are
capable of reproduction.
25.What role do androgens play in puberty in both males and females?: At puberty, androgens contribute to
skeletal growth spurt and cause growth of pubic hair and axillary hair. They also activate sebaceous glands,
accounting for some cases of acne during puberty, and play a role in libido. Some androgens are precursors to
estrogen.
26.What is the definition of delayed puberty in girls?: No breast development by age 13, clinical diagnosis can be
made in the absence of menarche by age 15 or 16.
27.What is the definition of precocious puberty? At what age to you become concerned about this in boys/girls?:
The onset of clinical signs of puberty (breast or pubic hair development) before age 8. Sexual maturation before 6 and 7
years of age in black and white girls, respectively, and before age 9 in boys.
28.This begins at puberty and continues for life: spermatogenesis
29.Where is sperm stored?: epididymis and vas deferens
30.Almost all cervical cancers are caused by: HPV
31.HPV is a risk factor for which cancer?: cervical, vulvar, and penile
32.What are the most common sites for endometriosis to attach?: The pelvic and abdominal cavities: the pelvic
peritoneum, ovaries, and uterosacral sac, uterine ligaments, rectovaginal septum. The growth of lesions depends on
estrogen expo- sure. Can be a cause of secondary amenorrhea.
33.Functioning endometrial tissue that implants outside of the uterus: En- dometriosis
34.Infertility and pain, dysmenorrhea, dyschezia, dyspareunia are all symp- toms of what?: endometriosis
35.This causes the endometrium to atrophy and is considered a treatment option for endometriosis::
Progestin
36.This is the most common cancer in american women: breast cancer
37.True or False: younger age when first child is born decreases the risk of breast cancer: true
2/
6
1. . What are produced in the testes?.: Sperm, sex hormones (androgens and testosterone).
2. What happens to sperm during the 12 days that they are in the epididymis?: - When the sperm enter the
epididymis, they are not fully mature or motile, nor capable of fertilizing an ovum. They receive nutrients and
testosterone from epididymal epithelium, and their capacity for fertilization in enhanced. After traveling the length of the
epididymis, the sperm are stored in the epididymal tail, which is continuous with the vas deferens.
3. Spermatogenesis occurs in the:: seminiferous tubules of the testes
4. What factors can influence the timing of puberty?: Genetics, general health, ethnicity, environment, and nutrition
(weight, body fat, leptin).
5. this likely increases adipose tissue allowing maturation to occur: leptin
6. Sex hormones are synthesized from:: cholesterol
7. Name the two female dominant sex hormones. Where are they produced?-
: Estrogen and progesterone produced primarily by the ovaries
8. Male sex hormones:: androgens (testosterone)
9. This is produced in the hypothalamus and stimulates the synthesis and se- cretion of luteinizing hormone and
follicle stimulating hormone by the anterior pituitary . It is controlled by a negative-feedback system.:
Gonadotropin-releas- ing hormone (GnRH)
10.This is secreted by anterior pituitary, causes milk production: prolactin
11.What are the 3 types of estrogens?: Estrone (E1), Estradoil (E2), Estriol (E3)
12.Which estrogen is the most plentiful?: Estradiol
13.LH stimulates ovary to release an ova and this:
aka the pregnancy hormone.: progesterone
14.Relaxes smooth muscle in myometrium, preventing premature contrac- tions, thickens myometrium,
preparing for labor, prevents lactation until fetus is born, and prevents additional maturation of ova by
supressing LH and FSH.: Progesterone
15.In what cells are the androgens mainly produced in males?: mainly in the Leydig cells of the testes.
16.This acts on Leydig cells to regulate testosterone secretion: LH
17.This acts on seminiferous tubule Sertoli cells to promote spermatogene- sis.: FSH
18.True or False? The level of testosterone is under negative-feedback: a rising level of testosterone
suppresses the release of GnHR from the hypo- thalamus.: True
19.What is the most potent androgen? Testosterone is a precursor: Dihy- drotestosterone (DHT)
1/
6
, NURG 533 Patho Module 10: Reproductive system
20.What is puberty?: the onset of sexual maturation
21.Higher levels of which hormone is linked to obesity and early puberty in females?: estrogen
22.What signifies the completion of male puberty?: The first ejaculation that contains mature sperm
23.What signifies the completion of female puberty?: The first ovulatory men- strual period (may take 1-2 years
after menarche).
24. What do these two milestones have in common?: Puberty is complete in both girls and boys when they are
capable of reproduction.
25.What role do androgens play in puberty in both males and females?: At puberty, androgens contribute to
skeletal growth spurt and cause growth of pubic hair and axillary hair. They also activate sebaceous glands,
accounting for some cases of acne during puberty, and play a role in libido. Some androgens are precursors to
estrogen.
26.What is the definition of delayed puberty in girls?: No breast development by age 13, clinical diagnosis can be
made in the absence of menarche by age 15 or 16.
27.What is the definition of precocious puberty? At what age to you become concerned about this in boys/girls?:
The onset of clinical signs of puberty (breast or pubic hair development) before age 8. Sexual maturation before 6 and 7
years of age in black and white girls, respectively, and before age 9 in boys.
28.This begins at puberty and continues for life: spermatogenesis
29.Where is sperm stored?: epididymis and vas deferens
30.Almost all cervical cancers are caused by: HPV
31.HPV is a risk factor for which cancer?: cervical, vulvar, and penile
32.What are the most common sites for endometriosis to attach?: The pelvic and abdominal cavities: the pelvic
peritoneum, ovaries, and uterosacral sac, uterine ligaments, rectovaginal septum. The growth of lesions depends on
estrogen expo- sure. Can be a cause of secondary amenorrhea.
33.Functioning endometrial tissue that implants outside of the uterus: En- dometriosis
34.Infertility and pain, dysmenorrhea, dyschezia, dyspareunia are all symp- toms of what?: endometriosis
35.This causes the endometrium to atrophy and is considered a treatment option for endometriosis::
Progestin
36.This is the most common cancer in american women: breast cancer
37.True or False: younger age when first child is born decreases the risk of breast cancer: true
2/
6
