Rasmussen Pathophysiology Exam 1 Latest
Study Guide
function of mitochondria -
✅ATP production/cellular respiration, powerhouse of the cell
Rough ER -
✅That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes.
Smooth ER -
✅That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is free of ribosomes.
Homeostasis -
✅A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of
body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level
Hypertrophy -
✅increase in muscle/tissue size, excessive development
atrophy -
✅the wasting away of a body organ or tissue; any progressive decline or failure; to waste away
Ischemia -
✅an inadequate blood supply to an organ or part of the body, especially the heart muscles.
S/S of Objective Data -
✅Any observations made by using your senses (pts. blood pressure, physical findings, and lab
values)
S/S of Subjective Data -
,✅Any symptoms pt. complains of, what the pt. feels (pain)
Epinephrine -
✅Neurotransmitter secreted by the adrenal medulla in response to stress. Also known as
adrenaline.
Renin -
✅hormone secreted by the kidney; it raises blood pressure by influencing vasoconstriction
(narrowing of blood vessels)
What causes edema? -
✅-reduced concentration of plasma proteins
-increased permeability of capillary wall
-increased venous pressure
-blockage of lymph vessels
Signs and symptoms of fluid excess -
✅edema, dysnpea (trouble breathing), hyptertension (high bp), JVD, pulse increase and bounding,
weight increase
Signs and symptoms of dehydration -
✅Dry mucous membranes, decreased skin turgor, Low BP, Low pulse, fatigue, Increased HCT,
decreased mental function, confusion, and loss of consciousness
S/S of hypocalcemia -
✅- muscle twitches/tetany
- hyperactive DTRs
- positive Chvostek's sign (tapping on the facial nerve triggering facial twitching)
- positive Trousseau's sign (hand/finger spasms with sustained blood pressure cuff inflation)
- seizures
Osmosis -
, ✅Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
Diffusion -
✅Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
active transport -
✅Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration
difference
Effect of hypertonic solution -
✅cell shrinks and can die
effect of a hypotonic solution -
✅cell swells and can burst
active immunity -
✅A form of acquired immunity in which the body produces its own antibodies against disease-
causing antigens.
passive immunity -
✅An individual does not produce his or her own antibodies, but rather receives them directly from
another source, such as mother to infant through breast milk
Examples of active immunity -
✅natural infection, vaccines,
Examples of passive immunity -
✅IgA in breast milk, maternal IgG crossing placenta, antitoxin, humanized monoclonal antibody
acquired immunity -
✅Immunity that is present only after exposure and is highly specific.
Study Guide
function of mitochondria -
✅ATP production/cellular respiration, powerhouse of the cell
Rough ER -
✅That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes.
Smooth ER -
✅That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is free of ribosomes.
Homeostasis -
✅A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of
body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level
Hypertrophy -
✅increase in muscle/tissue size, excessive development
atrophy -
✅the wasting away of a body organ or tissue; any progressive decline or failure; to waste away
Ischemia -
✅an inadequate blood supply to an organ or part of the body, especially the heart muscles.
S/S of Objective Data -
✅Any observations made by using your senses (pts. blood pressure, physical findings, and lab
values)
S/S of Subjective Data -
,✅Any symptoms pt. complains of, what the pt. feels (pain)
Epinephrine -
✅Neurotransmitter secreted by the adrenal medulla in response to stress. Also known as
adrenaline.
Renin -
✅hormone secreted by the kidney; it raises blood pressure by influencing vasoconstriction
(narrowing of blood vessels)
What causes edema? -
✅-reduced concentration of plasma proteins
-increased permeability of capillary wall
-increased venous pressure
-blockage of lymph vessels
Signs and symptoms of fluid excess -
✅edema, dysnpea (trouble breathing), hyptertension (high bp), JVD, pulse increase and bounding,
weight increase
Signs and symptoms of dehydration -
✅Dry mucous membranes, decreased skin turgor, Low BP, Low pulse, fatigue, Increased HCT,
decreased mental function, confusion, and loss of consciousness
S/S of hypocalcemia -
✅- muscle twitches/tetany
- hyperactive DTRs
- positive Chvostek's sign (tapping on the facial nerve triggering facial twitching)
- positive Trousseau's sign (hand/finger spasms with sustained blood pressure cuff inflation)
- seizures
Osmosis -
, ✅Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
Diffusion -
✅Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
active transport -
✅Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration
difference
Effect of hypertonic solution -
✅cell shrinks and can die
effect of a hypotonic solution -
✅cell swells and can burst
active immunity -
✅A form of acquired immunity in which the body produces its own antibodies against disease-
causing antigens.
passive immunity -
✅An individual does not produce his or her own antibodies, but rather receives them directly from
another source, such as mother to infant through breast milk
Examples of active immunity -
✅natural infection, vaccines,
Examples of passive immunity -
✅IgA in breast milk, maternal IgG crossing placenta, antitoxin, humanized monoclonal antibody
acquired immunity -
✅Immunity that is present only after exposure and is highly specific.
