Instructor Manual For
Essentials of
Biology 7th Edition By Sylvia
Mader, Michael Windelspecht
(All Chapters 100% Original
Verified A+ Grade)
Part 1: Chapter 17-32
Part 2: Chapter 1-16
All Chapters Arranged Reverse.
,Chapter 17—Viruses, Bacteria, and Protists
Mader: Essentials of Biology, 7e
Instructor’s Manual
Chapter 17 Viruses, Bacteria, and Protists
Learning Outcomes
17.1 Viruses, Viroids and Prions
1. Describe the structure of a virus.
2. Explain the basis of viral host specificity.
3. Describe the process of viral reproduction.
4. Distinguish between a viroid and a prion.
17.2 Emerging Viruses and SARS-CoV-2
1. Define the term emerging disease.
2. Describe the life cycle of the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
17.3 Prokaryotes
1. Discuss how chemical and biological evolution contributed to the formation of the first cells.
2. Describe the structure and reproductive process of a prokaryotic cell.
3. Explain how bacteria benefit humans and society.
4. Distinguish between bacteria and archaea.
17.4 Protists
1. Explain the role of endosymbiosis in the origin of the eukaryotic cell.
2. Summarize the general characteristics of all protists.
3. Distinguish the main supergroups of protists, and provide an example of each.
Extended Lecture Outline
© McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
,Chapter 17—Viruses, Bacteria, and Protists
17.1 Viruses, Viroids, and Prions
Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites, meaning that they are only able to reproduce inside
a living cell, and they are unable to acquire nutrients or use energy on their own. They are not
classified in any of the three domains of living organisms.
Structure of a Virus
All viruses have two components, an outer capsid made of protein and an inner core of genetic
material that is DNA or RNA. The capsid of some viruses is surrounded by a membranous
envelope with glycoprotein spikes.
Viral Reproduction
Viruses are specific to a particular type of host cell, using the host cell’s machinery to produce
more viruses. Bacteriophages are viruses specific to bacteria. They undergo lytic or lysogenic
cycles. The lytic cycle involves attachment, penetration, biosynthesis, maturation, and release.
Integration follows attachment and penetration in the lysogenic cycle after which the phage is
latent until some environmental factor triggers the phage to enter the biosynthesis phase and
complete the cycle.
Plant Viruses
Plant viruses enter plants through damaged tissues, and then spread throughout via
plasmodesmata. Plant viruses are often transferred from plant to plant by insects and gardening
tools. Biotechnology is being used to fight plant viruses, especially those affecting crop plants.
Animal Viruses
Many types of viruses infect animals, including humans. Retroviruses are RNA viruses that come
with reverse transcriptase that transcribes the viral RNA into DNA, which is then integrated into
the host’s genome. Envelope viruses, like HIV, acquire their envelope by budding off the cell
membrane as they exit the cell. Other human viruses which are highly contagious include
measles virus, Herpes simplex virus, and chicken pox virus. Antibiotics don’t work on viruses,
but antiviral drugs are available, with more being developed.
© McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
, Chapter 17—Viruses, Bacteria, and Protists
Viroids and Prions
Viroids are uncovered strands of RNA that infect certain crop plants. Prions are disease-causing
misshapen proteins associated with mad cow and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.
17.2 Emerging Viruses and SARS CoV-2
An emerging human disease is one that is rapidly increasing in frequency or entering into new
geographic regions. New viruses emerge because humans transport organisms around the
world and because viruses have a high rate of mutation.
COVID-19
SARS-CoV-2, the virus associated with COVID-19, is part of a family of coronaviruses, named for
their distinctive surface of crownlike spikes composed of glycoproteins. Coronaviruses infect a
wide variety of animal species. Other human coronaviruses include MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV,
both of which have caused deadly outbreaks.
17.3 Prokaryotes
There are two types of prokaryotes, the bacteria and the archaea. Both are unicellular
organisms that lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles associated with
eukaryotic cells.
The Origin of the First Cells
The first living cells were prokaryotes, which possessed DNA but not nuclei. Prior to the
beginning of cellular life, macromolecules were likely produced through chemical evolution,
otherwise known as abiotic synthesis.
Bacteria
Bacteria are the most diverse and prevalent organisms on Earth. Only a small fraction of species
have been characterized. Bacteria have a variety of shapes and groupings (morphology). Unlike
eukaryotic cells, bacteria contain DNA in a nucleoid region and some have extra small circular
plasmids of DNA. Some bacteria have flagella. Bacterial cells are made of peptidoglycans.
Bacteria reproduce asexually via binary fission. Bacterial genetic transfer and recombination
may occur through conjugation, transformation, and transduction. In order to survive harsh
environmental conditions, some bacteria produce endospores. Bacteria acquire nutrients as
photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs or chemoheterotrophs (saprotrophs that perform
decomposition). Many bacteria are symbiotic with other organisms. Bacteria in the environment
recycle nutrients for plants and animals. Humans use bacteria for bioremediation as well as
© McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Essentials of
Biology 7th Edition By Sylvia
Mader, Michael Windelspecht
(All Chapters 100% Original
Verified A+ Grade)
Part 1: Chapter 17-32
Part 2: Chapter 1-16
All Chapters Arranged Reverse.
,Chapter 17—Viruses, Bacteria, and Protists
Mader: Essentials of Biology, 7e
Instructor’s Manual
Chapter 17 Viruses, Bacteria, and Protists
Learning Outcomes
17.1 Viruses, Viroids and Prions
1. Describe the structure of a virus.
2. Explain the basis of viral host specificity.
3. Describe the process of viral reproduction.
4. Distinguish between a viroid and a prion.
17.2 Emerging Viruses and SARS-CoV-2
1. Define the term emerging disease.
2. Describe the life cycle of the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
17.3 Prokaryotes
1. Discuss how chemical and biological evolution contributed to the formation of the first cells.
2. Describe the structure and reproductive process of a prokaryotic cell.
3. Explain how bacteria benefit humans and society.
4. Distinguish between bacteria and archaea.
17.4 Protists
1. Explain the role of endosymbiosis in the origin of the eukaryotic cell.
2. Summarize the general characteristics of all protists.
3. Distinguish the main supergroups of protists, and provide an example of each.
Extended Lecture Outline
© McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
,Chapter 17—Viruses, Bacteria, and Protists
17.1 Viruses, Viroids, and Prions
Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites, meaning that they are only able to reproduce inside
a living cell, and they are unable to acquire nutrients or use energy on their own. They are not
classified in any of the three domains of living organisms.
Structure of a Virus
All viruses have two components, an outer capsid made of protein and an inner core of genetic
material that is DNA or RNA. The capsid of some viruses is surrounded by a membranous
envelope with glycoprotein spikes.
Viral Reproduction
Viruses are specific to a particular type of host cell, using the host cell’s machinery to produce
more viruses. Bacteriophages are viruses specific to bacteria. They undergo lytic or lysogenic
cycles. The lytic cycle involves attachment, penetration, biosynthesis, maturation, and release.
Integration follows attachment and penetration in the lysogenic cycle after which the phage is
latent until some environmental factor triggers the phage to enter the biosynthesis phase and
complete the cycle.
Plant Viruses
Plant viruses enter plants through damaged tissues, and then spread throughout via
plasmodesmata. Plant viruses are often transferred from plant to plant by insects and gardening
tools. Biotechnology is being used to fight plant viruses, especially those affecting crop plants.
Animal Viruses
Many types of viruses infect animals, including humans. Retroviruses are RNA viruses that come
with reverse transcriptase that transcribes the viral RNA into DNA, which is then integrated into
the host’s genome. Envelope viruses, like HIV, acquire their envelope by budding off the cell
membrane as they exit the cell. Other human viruses which are highly contagious include
measles virus, Herpes simplex virus, and chicken pox virus. Antibiotics don’t work on viruses,
but antiviral drugs are available, with more being developed.
© McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
, Chapter 17—Viruses, Bacteria, and Protists
Viroids and Prions
Viroids are uncovered strands of RNA that infect certain crop plants. Prions are disease-causing
misshapen proteins associated with mad cow and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.
17.2 Emerging Viruses and SARS CoV-2
An emerging human disease is one that is rapidly increasing in frequency or entering into new
geographic regions. New viruses emerge because humans transport organisms around the
world and because viruses have a high rate of mutation.
COVID-19
SARS-CoV-2, the virus associated with COVID-19, is part of a family of coronaviruses, named for
their distinctive surface of crownlike spikes composed of glycoproteins. Coronaviruses infect a
wide variety of animal species. Other human coronaviruses include MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV,
both of which have caused deadly outbreaks.
17.3 Prokaryotes
There are two types of prokaryotes, the bacteria and the archaea. Both are unicellular
organisms that lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles associated with
eukaryotic cells.
The Origin of the First Cells
The first living cells were prokaryotes, which possessed DNA but not nuclei. Prior to the
beginning of cellular life, macromolecules were likely produced through chemical evolution,
otherwise known as abiotic synthesis.
Bacteria
Bacteria are the most diverse and prevalent organisms on Earth. Only a small fraction of species
have been characterized. Bacteria have a variety of shapes and groupings (morphology). Unlike
eukaryotic cells, bacteria contain DNA in a nucleoid region and some have extra small circular
plasmids of DNA. Some bacteria have flagella. Bacterial cells are made of peptidoglycans.
Bacteria reproduce asexually via binary fission. Bacterial genetic transfer and recombination
may occur through conjugation, transformation, and transduction. In order to survive harsh
environmental conditions, some bacteria produce endospores. Bacteria acquire nutrients as
photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs or chemoheterotrophs (saprotrophs that perform
decomposition). Many bacteria are symbiotic with other organisms. Bacteria in the environment
recycle nutrients for plants and animals. Humans use bacteria for bioremediation as well as
© McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
