HTH408 Exam 1 With Correct Solution
Anomaly - ANSWER Something that does not fit into the paradigms of normal science
Authority - ANSWER A form of knowledge we believe to be true because it comes from
authoritative sources, such as parents, teachers, and professional figures
Crisis - ANSWER An accumulation of many anomalies against an accepted truth
Deductive Reasoning - ANSWER Reasoning that begins with a broad theory that leads to
a specific idea or concept to be tested
Empirical Evidence - ANSWER Acquiring information by systematically observing people
or events
Ethics - ANSWER A set of guidelines that are primarily concerned with protecting the
rights of study participants and are mandatory for the researche
Experiential Knowledge - ANSWER A form of knowledge that we learn through pleasant
or unpleasant experiences
Falsify - ANSWER Prove that a theory is incorrect
Inductive Reasoning - ANSWER Reasoning that begins with specific observations and
moves to a broader understanding of a topic or problem
Mixed Methods - ANSWER Research studies that combine the best features of
qualitative and quantitative methodologies
Normal Science - ANSWER The work of scientists using the general rules, laws, and
paradigms that are accepted as truths. It does not explore new ideas or build on
scientific knowledge
Objectivity - ANSWER Perceiving something from different angles without personal
preferences or judgments
Overgeneralization - ANSWER A type of bias that occurs when a researcher uses a
small number of cases to draw conclusions about an entire population
Paradigm - ANSWER An unchangeable pattern that is used over and over again
Paradigm Shift - ANSWER Occurs when a widely accepted paradigm encounters many
anomalies that lead to a crisis, then a revolution, and then a new paradigm
Qualitative Research - ANSWER Research that seeks to gain insight and depth on a
topic
Quantitative Research - ANSWER Research based on the systematic calculation of data
,Revolution - ANSWER When an old paradigm is replaced with a new paradigm
Scientific Knowledge - ANSWER A form of knowledge based on studies conducted by
researchers
Selective Observation - ANSWER A type of bias that occurs when a researcher is
focused on a specific occurrence or group of people instead of including an entire
sample
Subjective Thinking - ANSWER Thinking based on personal emotions, experiences, and
prejudices
Traditional Knowledge - ANSWER A form of knowledge we inherit from our culture that
includes information that we learned as children that is now part of who we are and how
we behave
Researchers who use objective thinking often do not allow their emotions and
prejudices to influence their decisions. (T/F) - ANSWER True
According to Kuhn, when a social phenomenon that is unusual begins to happen more
and more frequently this ultimately can produce which of the following?
anomalies
crisis
social change
scientific revolution - ANSWER scientific revolution
George is conducting a study and wants to begin with a broad theory that later can
allow him to come up with a specific idea or concept to be tested. Most likely George is
planning a quantitative research (T/F) - ANSWER True
Objectivity is the ability to perceive something from different angles without allowing
personal biases to hinder judgment and decisions (T/F) - ANSWER True
The fundamental frames of reference we use to organize our observations and
reasoning are _____
theories
anomalies
laws
variables
, paradigms - ANSWER Paradigms
The two different types of groups used by some researchers are the control group and
the out group (T/F) - ANSWER False
The greatest obstruction to social research comes from which of the following?
participants
the researcher himself/herself
the institutional review board
fellow researchers - ANSWER the researcher himself/herself
The guidelines, informed consent, and other research documents must be written in the
researchers' language despite the language of the participants (T/F) - ANSWER False
The following are all examples of research biases EXCEPT ______
overgeneralization
subjective thinking
selective observation
coercion - ANSWER coercion
When out in the field Dr. Gigist refuses to interview foreigners even though they have
indicated their willingness to participate in the research and meet all the requirements
for inclusion. Most likely Dr. Gigist is indulging in what type of observation?
scientific observation
quantitative observation
selective observation
Anomaly - ANSWER Something that does not fit into the paradigms of normal science
Authority - ANSWER A form of knowledge we believe to be true because it comes from
authoritative sources, such as parents, teachers, and professional figures
Crisis - ANSWER An accumulation of many anomalies against an accepted truth
Deductive Reasoning - ANSWER Reasoning that begins with a broad theory that leads to
a specific idea or concept to be tested
Empirical Evidence - ANSWER Acquiring information by systematically observing people
or events
Ethics - ANSWER A set of guidelines that are primarily concerned with protecting the
rights of study participants and are mandatory for the researche
Experiential Knowledge - ANSWER A form of knowledge that we learn through pleasant
or unpleasant experiences
Falsify - ANSWER Prove that a theory is incorrect
Inductive Reasoning - ANSWER Reasoning that begins with specific observations and
moves to a broader understanding of a topic or problem
Mixed Methods - ANSWER Research studies that combine the best features of
qualitative and quantitative methodologies
Normal Science - ANSWER The work of scientists using the general rules, laws, and
paradigms that are accepted as truths. It does not explore new ideas or build on
scientific knowledge
Objectivity - ANSWER Perceiving something from different angles without personal
preferences or judgments
Overgeneralization - ANSWER A type of bias that occurs when a researcher uses a
small number of cases to draw conclusions about an entire population
Paradigm - ANSWER An unchangeable pattern that is used over and over again
Paradigm Shift - ANSWER Occurs when a widely accepted paradigm encounters many
anomalies that lead to a crisis, then a revolution, and then a new paradigm
Qualitative Research - ANSWER Research that seeks to gain insight and depth on a
topic
Quantitative Research - ANSWER Research based on the systematic calculation of data
,Revolution - ANSWER When an old paradigm is replaced with a new paradigm
Scientific Knowledge - ANSWER A form of knowledge based on studies conducted by
researchers
Selective Observation - ANSWER A type of bias that occurs when a researcher is
focused on a specific occurrence or group of people instead of including an entire
sample
Subjective Thinking - ANSWER Thinking based on personal emotions, experiences, and
prejudices
Traditional Knowledge - ANSWER A form of knowledge we inherit from our culture that
includes information that we learned as children that is now part of who we are and how
we behave
Researchers who use objective thinking often do not allow their emotions and
prejudices to influence their decisions. (T/F) - ANSWER True
According to Kuhn, when a social phenomenon that is unusual begins to happen more
and more frequently this ultimately can produce which of the following?
anomalies
crisis
social change
scientific revolution - ANSWER scientific revolution
George is conducting a study and wants to begin with a broad theory that later can
allow him to come up with a specific idea or concept to be tested. Most likely George is
planning a quantitative research (T/F) - ANSWER True
Objectivity is the ability to perceive something from different angles without allowing
personal biases to hinder judgment and decisions (T/F) - ANSWER True
The fundamental frames of reference we use to organize our observations and
reasoning are _____
theories
anomalies
laws
variables
, paradigms - ANSWER Paradigms
The two different types of groups used by some researchers are the control group and
the out group (T/F) - ANSWER False
The greatest obstruction to social research comes from which of the following?
participants
the researcher himself/herself
the institutional review board
fellow researchers - ANSWER the researcher himself/herself
The guidelines, informed consent, and other research documents must be written in the
researchers' language despite the language of the participants (T/F) - ANSWER False
The following are all examples of research biases EXCEPT ______
overgeneralization
subjective thinking
selective observation
coercion - ANSWER coercion
When out in the field Dr. Gigist refuses to interview foreigners even though they have
indicated their willingness to participate in the research and meet all the requirements
for inclusion. Most likely Dr. Gigist is indulging in what type of observation?
scientific observation
quantitative observation
selective observation
