CIS Anatomy: Levels of Biological Organization
1. element: smallest particle of matter that has mass and takes up space
2. what are the 5 key elements that make up % the body?: *98%*
carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen
calcium
*CHONCa*
3. which of the 5 key elements always exist in compounds?: carbon hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen
4. which of the 5 key elements move in the body as a charged particle? what are those particles
called?: Ÿcalcium & trace others
Ÿparticles are called ions in chemistry and electrolytes in biology
5. what is the chemical formula of calcium?: Ca +2
6. what are the physiologies of calcium? (4): Ÿstrong bones and teeth Ÿskeletal muscle
*contraction* & relaxation
Ÿblood clotting
Ÿmoving impulses from neuron to neuron
7. what happens when there is a calcium deficit in the body?: the body starts pulling calcium from
the bones, which causes holes to form in the bones, which is called osteoporosis
8. what does one eat in order to have healthy calcium levels?: Ÿdairy products Ÿfoods fortified with
calcium and Vitamin D
9. who has less dense bones: male or female? why?: females because they need the bones to
widen during childbirth
10.what is the chemical formula for sodium?: Na +1
11.what are the physiologies of sodium? (4): Ÿregulates water balance Ÿcontrols blood
pressure
, CIS Anatomy: Levels of Biological Organization
Ÿmuscle contractions
Ÿmoving impulses from neuron to neuron
12.what is the recommended amount of sodium one should consume daily?-
: 2,000 mg
13.what organ does sodium impact the most?: kidneys
14.what is the chemical formula of chloride?: Cl -1
15.what are the physiologies of chloride? (2): Ÿheartbeat Ÿused to
make HCl in stomach (gastric juices)
16.what is the chemical formula of potassium?: K +1
, CIS Anatomy: Levels of Biological Organization
17.what are the physiologies of potassium? (3): Ÿheartbeat (heart is electrical, an electric shock
will restart it)
Ÿrelaxation of skeletal muscles
Ÿmoving impulses from neuron to neuron
18.what does one eat in order to have healthy potassium levels?: Ÿbananas every 4 days
Ÿspinach, kale, broccoli
19.what is the chemical formula of iron?: Fe +2 Fe +3
20.what are the physiologies of iron? (2): Ÿproduction of hemoglobin in bone marrow (need
hemoglobin to transport O2 and CO2)
Ÿproduce ATP in mitochondria (ATP stores energy)
21.what is the chemical formula of magnesium?: Mg +2
22.what is the physiology of magnesium?: activates enzymes in all systems
23.what is the chemical formula of phosphorous (phosphate)?: PO4 -3
24.what are the physiologies of phosphate? (3): Ÿmake up RNA, DNA, ATP, and ADP
Ÿstructure for cell membrane
Ÿformation of bone (structural part rather than strength)
25.compound: a combination of two or more elements in specific proportions
26.what determines the formulas of compounds?: number of valence electrons
27.what are the two types of bonds?: chemistry: ionic (give/take electrons, easy to break) and
covalent (share electrons)
biology: inorganic and organic
28.inorganic compounds: Ÿno carbon
Ÿif there is carbon, it's never bonded with hydrogen Ÿoccurs in
nature
29.organic compounds: Ÿloaded with carbon (usually in multiples of 6) Ÿalways
bonded with hydrogen
Ÿoften bonded with oxygen
, CIS Anatomy: Levels of Biological Organization
Ÿmade by organisms, beginning with producers
30.oxygen gas (O2) [bond, percentage, function]: Ÿdouble bonded Ÿmakes up 20%
of atmosphere
Ÿreactant in cellular respiration in order to create ATP which is the source of energy
31.cellular respiration balanced equation: 6O2 + C6H12O6 + 6H2O Ÿ 6CO2 + 12H2O + ATP
32.what are the 3 stages of cellular respiration & where do they occur?: 1. glycolysis Ÿ
cytoplasm
1. element: smallest particle of matter that has mass and takes up space
2. what are the 5 key elements that make up % the body?: *98%*
carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen
calcium
*CHONCa*
3. which of the 5 key elements always exist in compounds?: carbon hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen
4. which of the 5 key elements move in the body as a charged particle? what are those particles
called?: Ÿcalcium & trace others
Ÿparticles are called ions in chemistry and electrolytes in biology
5. what is the chemical formula of calcium?: Ca +2
6. what are the physiologies of calcium? (4): Ÿstrong bones and teeth Ÿskeletal muscle
*contraction* & relaxation
Ÿblood clotting
Ÿmoving impulses from neuron to neuron
7. what happens when there is a calcium deficit in the body?: the body starts pulling calcium from
the bones, which causes holes to form in the bones, which is called osteoporosis
8. what does one eat in order to have healthy calcium levels?: Ÿdairy products Ÿfoods fortified with
calcium and Vitamin D
9. who has less dense bones: male or female? why?: females because they need the bones to
widen during childbirth
10.what is the chemical formula for sodium?: Na +1
11.what are the physiologies of sodium? (4): Ÿregulates water balance Ÿcontrols blood
pressure
, CIS Anatomy: Levels of Biological Organization
Ÿmuscle contractions
Ÿmoving impulses from neuron to neuron
12.what is the recommended amount of sodium one should consume daily?-
: 2,000 mg
13.what organ does sodium impact the most?: kidneys
14.what is the chemical formula of chloride?: Cl -1
15.what are the physiologies of chloride? (2): Ÿheartbeat Ÿused to
make HCl in stomach (gastric juices)
16.what is the chemical formula of potassium?: K +1
, CIS Anatomy: Levels of Biological Organization
17.what are the physiologies of potassium? (3): Ÿheartbeat (heart is electrical, an electric shock
will restart it)
Ÿrelaxation of skeletal muscles
Ÿmoving impulses from neuron to neuron
18.what does one eat in order to have healthy potassium levels?: Ÿbananas every 4 days
Ÿspinach, kale, broccoli
19.what is the chemical formula of iron?: Fe +2 Fe +3
20.what are the physiologies of iron? (2): Ÿproduction of hemoglobin in bone marrow (need
hemoglobin to transport O2 and CO2)
Ÿproduce ATP in mitochondria (ATP stores energy)
21.what is the chemical formula of magnesium?: Mg +2
22.what is the physiology of magnesium?: activates enzymes in all systems
23.what is the chemical formula of phosphorous (phosphate)?: PO4 -3
24.what are the physiologies of phosphate? (3): Ÿmake up RNA, DNA, ATP, and ADP
Ÿstructure for cell membrane
Ÿformation of bone (structural part rather than strength)
25.compound: a combination of two or more elements in specific proportions
26.what determines the formulas of compounds?: number of valence electrons
27.what are the two types of bonds?: chemistry: ionic (give/take electrons, easy to break) and
covalent (share electrons)
biology: inorganic and organic
28.inorganic compounds: Ÿno carbon
Ÿif there is carbon, it's never bonded with hydrogen Ÿoccurs in
nature
29.organic compounds: Ÿloaded with carbon (usually in multiples of 6) Ÿalways
bonded with hydrogen
Ÿoften bonded with oxygen
, CIS Anatomy: Levels of Biological Organization
Ÿmade by organisms, beginning with producers
30.oxygen gas (O2) [bond, percentage, function]: Ÿdouble bonded Ÿmakes up 20%
of atmosphere
Ÿreactant in cellular respiration in order to create ATP which is the source of energy
31.cellular respiration balanced equation: 6O2 + C6H12O6 + 6H2O Ÿ 6CO2 + 12H2O + ATP
32.what are the 3 stages of cellular respiration & where do they occur?: 1. glycolysis Ÿ
cytoplasm
