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CASAL II OA Exam Questions and Answers 100%
Pass
SA node - ANSWER ✔✔-pacemaker, 60-100bpm,Depolarization R atria, p wave,
AV node - ANSWER ✔✔-Gatekeeper, intraseptal, Allows delay for blood so no back up, 40-60 bpm
Bundle of His - ANSWER ✔✔-Intraventricular, 40-60bpm, sends to purkinje fibers for ventricular
depolarization
L and R bundle branches - ANSWER ✔✔-20-40bpm,
Purkinje fibers - ANSWER ✔✔-20-40bpm, ventricular depolarization (QRS) complex
Preload - ANSWER ✔✔-LVEDP determined by LVEDV
Afterload - ANSWER ✔✔-Vascular resistance
Cardiac output = - ANSWER ✔✔-heart rate x stroke volume
Normal QRS complex - ANSWER ✔✔-0.06-0.12 sec. (1.5-3 small boxes)
P wave - ANSWER ✔✔-atrial depolarization
QRS complex - ANSWER ✔✔-ventricular depolarization
T wave - ANSWER ✔✔-ventricular repolarization
U wave - ANSWER ✔✔-hypokalemia, depolarization purkinje fibers
A Fib on EKG - ANSWER ✔✔-1. P waves? No
2. P waves regular? U/A to determine
Created by Grace Amelia © 2025, All Rights Reserved.
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3. R waves regular? No irregular
4. How many R waves in 6 sec?
5. PR interval length? No, no p waves
Saw tooth
No p waves
R waves irregular
Stroke volume - ANSWER ✔✔-the volume of blood pumped out by a ventricle with each heartbeat
Cardiac output - ANSWER ✔✔-Amount of blood pumped through body per min
3 things that affect stroke volume - ANSWER ✔✔-preload, afterload, contractility
What increases vascular resistance - ANSWER ✔✔-pHTN (R ), vasoconstriction/HTN (L ), aortic
stenosis (L ventricle)
What can decrease afterload - ANSWER ✔✔-Vasodilation
Sympathomemetics/ adrenergic agonist - ANSWER ✔✔-Dopamine BP & CO
norepinephrine BP
epinephrine Bronchodilation
beta 2 adrenergic agonist -inhaled for cold/asthma albuterol (short)
solmedrol (long)
Sympatholytic/ andrenergic antagonist - ANSWER ✔✔-Beta blockers HR, BP, constrict airway
Parasympatholytic/anticholenergic - ANSWER ✔✔-Airway: Ipratropium bronchodilator
Created by Grace Amelia © 2025, All Rights Reserved.
,3|Page
HR: Atropine HR or dilate pupils
nonselective beta blockers
beta 1 Kidneys
beta 2 lungs, GI, vascular muscle, skeletal - ANSWER ✔✔-propranolol, timolol, nadolol, pindolol,
carvidolol
Nursing implications non selective Beta blocker - ANSWER ✔✔-Not for: COPD, asthma, PVD
Selective Beta blockers - ANSWER ✔✔-Atenolol, esmolol, metoprolol
beta 1 found in And kidneys-blocks RAAS
Beta blockers treat - ANSWER ✔✔-HTN, stable angina, dysthymia (SVT, tachy), compensated heart
failure, glaucoma, migraines, tremors, anxiety
Monitor with beta blockers - ANSWER ✔✔--Bradycardia-check physician desired -parameters
-EKG-heart block 2nd and 3rd degree
-watch for S&S Failure don't want contraction to get too weak
-monitor BG masks HR of hypoglycemia/hyperglycemia
-ortho htn
- circulation impairment
-OD S&S bradycardia, lethargic, Block, hypotension
Teach pt with beta blockers - ANSWER ✔✔-Bradycardia
Failure exacerbation
taper off-rebound htn/angina
Created by Grace Amelia © 2025, All Rights Reserved.
, 4|Page
ortho htn
know OD S&S
blood glucose w/non selective
Calcium Channel Blockers - ANSWER ✔✔-blocks L type channels in:
vascular smooth muscle
cardiac myocytes
cardiac nodal tissue (SA & AV nodual tissue)
Calcium Channel Blockers (vascular selective) - ANSWER ✔✔-Dihydropyridines: "Pines"
amlodipine, felodipine, nifedipine
Mainly for HTN and angina
Calcium Channel Blockers-effects on vascular smooth muscle - ANSWER ✔✔-coronary and peripheral
arteries:
Vasodilation: decrease BP, relax coronary arteries, decrease SVR = decrease afterload
Calcium Channel Blockers-effects on myocytes - ANSWER ✔✔-decrease heart contraction strength (-
inrotropic effect)
decrease O2 demand
Treats angina-NOT for heart failure pt
Calcium Channel Blockers- effects on cardiac nodal tissue - ANSWER ✔✔-SA node- decrease heart rate
(neg chronotropic effect)
AV node- speed up conduction (positive dromotrophic)
Created by Grace Amelia © 2025, All Rights Reserved.
CASAL II OA Exam Questions and Answers 100%
Pass
SA node - ANSWER ✔✔-pacemaker, 60-100bpm,Depolarization R atria, p wave,
AV node - ANSWER ✔✔-Gatekeeper, intraseptal, Allows delay for blood so no back up, 40-60 bpm
Bundle of His - ANSWER ✔✔-Intraventricular, 40-60bpm, sends to purkinje fibers for ventricular
depolarization
L and R bundle branches - ANSWER ✔✔-20-40bpm,
Purkinje fibers - ANSWER ✔✔-20-40bpm, ventricular depolarization (QRS) complex
Preload - ANSWER ✔✔-LVEDP determined by LVEDV
Afterload - ANSWER ✔✔-Vascular resistance
Cardiac output = - ANSWER ✔✔-heart rate x stroke volume
Normal QRS complex - ANSWER ✔✔-0.06-0.12 sec. (1.5-3 small boxes)
P wave - ANSWER ✔✔-atrial depolarization
QRS complex - ANSWER ✔✔-ventricular depolarization
T wave - ANSWER ✔✔-ventricular repolarization
U wave - ANSWER ✔✔-hypokalemia, depolarization purkinje fibers
A Fib on EKG - ANSWER ✔✔-1. P waves? No
2. P waves regular? U/A to determine
Created by Grace Amelia © 2025, All Rights Reserved.
,2|Page
3. R waves regular? No irregular
4. How many R waves in 6 sec?
5. PR interval length? No, no p waves
Saw tooth
No p waves
R waves irregular
Stroke volume - ANSWER ✔✔-the volume of blood pumped out by a ventricle with each heartbeat
Cardiac output - ANSWER ✔✔-Amount of blood pumped through body per min
3 things that affect stroke volume - ANSWER ✔✔-preload, afterload, contractility
What increases vascular resistance - ANSWER ✔✔-pHTN (R ), vasoconstriction/HTN (L ), aortic
stenosis (L ventricle)
What can decrease afterload - ANSWER ✔✔-Vasodilation
Sympathomemetics/ adrenergic agonist - ANSWER ✔✔-Dopamine BP & CO
norepinephrine BP
epinephrine Bronchodilation
beta 2 adrenergic agonist -inhaled for cold/asthma albuterol (short)
solmedrol (long)
Sympatholytic/ andrenergic antagonist - ANSWER ✔✔-Beta blockers HR, BP, constrict airway
Parasympatholytic/anticholenergic - ANSWER ✔✔-Airway: Ipratropium bronchodilator
Created by Grace Amelia © 2025, All Rights Reserved.
,3|Page
HR: Atropine HR or dilate pupils
nonselective beta blockers
beta 1 Kidneys
beta 2 lungs, GI, vascular muscle, skeletal - ANSWER ✔✔-propranolol, timolol, nadolol, pindolol,
carvidolol
Nursing implications non selective Beta blocker - ANSWER ✔✔-Not for: COPD, asthma, PVD
Selective Beta blockers - ANSWER ✔✔-Atenolol, esmolol, metoprolol
beta 1 found in And kidneys-blocks RAAS
Beta blockers treat - ANSWER ✔✔-HTN, stable angina, dysthymia (SVT, tachy), compensated heart
failure, glaucoma, migraines, tremors, anxiety
Monitor with beta blockers - ANSWER ✔✔--Bradycardia-check physician desired -parameters
-EKG-heart block 2nd and 3rd degree
-watch for S&S Failure don't want contraction to get too weak
-monitor BG masks HR of hypoglycemia/hyperglycemia
-ortho htn
- circulation impairment
-OD S&S bradycardia, lethargic, Block, hypotension
Teach pt with beta blockers - ANSWER ✔✔-Bradycardia
Failure exacerbation
taper off-rebound htn/angina
Created by Grace Amelia © 2025, All Rights Reserved.
, 4|Page
ortho htn
know OD S&S
blood glucose w/non selective
Calcium Channel Blockers - ANSWER ✔✔-blocks L type channels in:
vascular smooth muscle
cardiac myocytes
cardiac nodal tissue (SA & AV nodual tissue)
Calcium Channel Blockers (vascular selective) - ANSWER ✔✔-Dihydropyridines: "Pines"
amlodipine, felodipine, nifedipine
Mainly for HTN and angina
Calcium Channel Blockers-effects on vascular smooth muscle - ANSWER ✔✔-coronary and peripheral
arteries:
Vasodilation: decrease BP, relax coronary arteries, decrease SVR = decrease afterload
Calcium Channel Blockers-effects on myocytes - ANSWER ✔✔-decrease heart contraction strength (-
inrotropic effect)
decrease O2 demand
Treats angina-NOT for heart failure pt
Calcium Channel Blockers- effects on cardiac nodal tissue - ANSWER ✔✔-SA node- decrease heart rate
(neg chronotropic effect)
AV node- speed up conduction (positive dromotrophic)
Created by Grace Amelia © 2025, All Rights Reserved.
