NURS 611 EXAM 1 PATHO KEY POINTS
ACTUAL EXAM TEST BANK COMPLETE
150 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
DETAILED ANSWERS WITH
RATIONALES
Apoptosis - answersA programmed cell death
that is regulated or programmed. Cellular self-
destruction for elimination or unwanted cell
populations
Necrosis - answersRapid loss of the plasma
membrane structure, organelle swelling,
mitochondria dysfunction
What is the #1 cause of cellular injury leading to
necrosis (especially the kidney and heart) -
answershypoxia
What is the #1 cause of hypoxia? -
answersischemia
Main component of a cell - answersnucleus
,What does the nucleus contain? -
answersnucleolus
What is the nucleolus composed of? -
answersRNA, most of cellular DNA, DNA
binding proteins, and histones
Why are histone important? - answershistones
bind to DNA and fold it into chromosomes
(chromatin) which is essential for cell division
What are ribosomes? - answersRNA-protein
complexes (nucleoproteins) that are
synthesized in the nucleolus and secreted into
the cytoplasm through pores in the nuclear
envelope called nuclear pore complexes
(NPCs)
Where can ribosomes be found? -
answerscytoplasm and rough ER
what are ribosomes chief function? -
answersprovides sits for cellular protein
synthesis
What is the Golgi apparatus (complex)? -
answersa network of flatten, smooth
membranes and vesicles frequently located
near the nucleus of the cell
What does the Golgi apparatus do? -
answerstakes proteins from the ER and
,processes/packages them into small
membrane-bound vesicles called "secretory
vesicles, and refines and directs traffic in the
cell
What are lysosomes and what do they do? -
answersmaintain cellular health by removal of
toxic cellular components, removal of useless
organelles, termination of signal transduction,
and signals cellular adaption
How does aging affect lysosomes? -
answersleads to progressive loss of lysosomal
efficiency which declines the regenerative
capacity of organs and tissue
What functions do lysosomal components
integrate? - answersnutrient abundance, energy
levels, and cell stressors and will translate them
into instructions that regulate cellular
metabolism toward either proliferation or
inactivity
What is mitochondria responsible for? -
answerscellular respiration, cellular metabolism
, and energy production
What does the inner membrane of mitochondria
contain? - answersenzymes of the respiratory
chain and are essential to the process of
, oxidative phosphorylation that generates most
of the cell's ATP
The mitochondrial matrix contains what kind of
pathways (1), involve what two things (2), and
metabolizes what three things (3)? - answers1-
metabolic
2- urea and heme synthesis
3- carbs, proteins, and lipids
What can accumulate intracellularly caused by
stresses form metabolic dearangements? -
answerscarbs, proteins, and lipids
What is physiologic atrophy? - answersoccurs
in early development. ex: thymus glad during
childhood
What is pathologic atrophy? - answersoccurs as
a result of decreases in workload, use,
pressure, blood supply, nutrition, and hormonal
stimulation.
Ex: Shrinking of gonads in an adolescent pt in
response to decreased hormonal stimulation.
and an pt immobilized in bed for a prolonged
time
what is hypertrophy? - answersincrease in cell
size
ACTUAL EXAM TEST BANK COMPLETE
150 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
DETAILED ANSWERS WITH
RATIONALES
Apoptosis - answersA programmed cell death
that is regulated or programmed. Cellular self-
destruction for elimination or unwanted cell
populations
Necrosis - answersRapid loss of the plasma
membrane structure, organelle swelling,
mitochondria dysfunction
What is the #1 cause of cellular injury leading to
necrosis (especially the kidney and heart) -
answershypoxia
What is the #1 cause of hypoxia? -
answersischemia
Main component of a cell - answersnucleus
,What does the nucleus contain? -
answersnucleolus
What is the nucleolus composed of? -
answersRNA, most of cellular DNA, DNA
binding proteins, and histones
Why are histone important? - answershistones
bind to DNA and fold it into chromosomes
(chromatin) which is essential for cell division
What are ribosomes? - answersRNA-protein
complexes (nucleoproteins) that are
synthesized in the nucleolus and secreted into
the cytoplasm through pores in the nuclear
envelope called nuclear pore complexes
(NPCs)
Where can ribosomes be found? -
answerscytoplasm and rough ER
what are ribosomes chief function? -
answersprovides sits for cellular protein
synthesis
What is the Golgi apparatus (complex)? -
answersa network of flatten, smooth
membranes and vesicles frequently located
near the nucleus of the cell
What does the Golgi apparatus do? -
answerstakes proteins from the ER and
,processes/packages them into small
membrane-bound vesicles called "secretory
vesicles, and refines and directs traffic in the
cell
What are lysosomes and what do they do? -
answersmaintain cellular health by removal of
toxic cellular components, removal of useless
organelles, termination of signal transduction,
and signals cellular adaption
How does aging affect lysosomes? -
answersleads to progressive loss of lysosomal
efficiency which declines the regenerative
capacity of organs and tissue
What functions do lysosomal components
integrate? - answersnutrient abundance, energy
levels, and cell stressors and will translate them
into instructions that regulate cellular
metabolism toward either proliferation or
inactivity
What is mitochondria responsible for? -
answerscellular respiration, cellular metabolism
, and energy production
What does the inner membrane of mitochondria
contain? - answersenzymes of the respiratory
chain and are essential to the process of
, oxidative phosphorylation that generates most
of the cell's ATP
The mitochondrial matrix contains what kind of
pathways (1), involve what two things (2), and
metabolizes what three things (3)? - answers1-
metabolic
2- urea and heme synthesis
3- carbs, proteins, and lipids
What can accumulate intracellularly caused by
stresses form metabolic dearangements? -
answerscarbs, proteins, and lipids
What is physiologic atrophy? - answersoccurs
in early development. ex: thymus glad during
childhood
What is pathologic atrophy? - answersoccurs as
a result of decreases in workload, use,
pressure, blood supply, nutrition, and hormonal
stimulation.
Ex: Shrinking of gonads in an adolescent pt in
response to decreased hormonal stimulation.
and an pt immobilized in bed for a prolonged
time
what is hypertrophy? - answersincrease in cell
size
