KPE160 REVIEWED EXAM
STUDYGUIDE
Active/endogenous movement
resulting from muscular contractions:
voluntary movement
reflexes
Passive/exogenous movement
movement resulting from forces that are external to the
body:
- gravity
- supportive devices
- other bodies/objects
Reflex
involuntary response to specific stimuli, short latency
(fast), born with them (innate)
Voluntary action/motor skill
long latency (slower), resulting from high order cognitive
processing, you make decision to do this action,
adaptable, response isn't determined but can be related to
stimulus
Motor Skill
activity or task requiring voluntary control over movement
(of the joints and body segments) to achieve a goal
Task perspective
a specific type of action
Performance Proficiency Perspective
level of skill, eg. expert vs novice
Task Perspective classification
,1- size of muscle groups involved
2- task organization
3- Predictability of the environment
Muscle groups/accuracy/control
gross skills, fine skills, mixed
Gross skills
walking, pushing, every activity requiring large muscles
Fine Skills
writing, surgery, small muscle groups (intricate)
Mixed
martial arts, gymnastics, large group of muscles but you
need to maintain high control + accuracy
Task Organization
1- Discrete
2- Serial
3- Continuous
Discrete
uniquely defined beginning and end, several combine to
make a sequence
Serial
several discrete skills connected in a specific sequence
Continuous
action does not have a distinct beginning and end, eg.
running and walking
predictability of environment
closed vs open skills
Closed skill
the environment is predictable and doesn't change from
moment to moment
Open Skill
,a task performed in an unpredictable environment; ever
changing
Stages of Performance and Learning
early, middle, late
Early stages
cognitive ("getting the idea of the movement")
- inaccurate
- inconsistent
-errorful
- indecisive
Middle Stages
forming efficient movement pattern
- more fluid
- more accurate
- more consistent
-more decisive
- more efficient
- more adaptable
- fewer errors
Late Stages
Autonomous (Not automatic), fixation/diversification
- accurate
- consistent
- certain
- efficient
- adaptable
-recognizes errors
Temporal Measures
response time, reaction time, movement time
Total Response Time
, Interval of time from onset of (unanticipated) stimulus to
response termination
Interpreting Response Time
Overall index of efficiency of sensorimotor processes,
planning and completing a movement after receiving
sensory information, consists of reaction time + movement
time
Reaction Time
interval from onset of stimulus to response initiation,
efficiency of peripheral and central processing: interpreting
stimulus information, planning and initiating the movement
Movement Time
interval from response initiation to response termination,
efficiency of movement planning and control
Spatial Measures
constant error, absolute error, variable error
Constant error/absolute constant error
distance from target location, accuracy or bias in
behaviour/overall accuracy
Variable error
distribution of the errors, precision/consistency of
behaviour
Calculate Constant Error
subtract target location from achieved location on each
trial, sum all errors together and divide by number of trials
Calculate Absolute Constant Error
subtract target location from achieved location on each
trial, take the absolute value of the difference, sum all
errors together and divide by number of trials
Calculate Variable Error
STUDYGUIDE
Active/endogenous movement
resulting from muscular contractions:
voluntary movement
reflexes
Passive/exogenous movement
movement resulting from forces that are external to the
body:
- gravity
- supportive devices
- other bodies/objects
Reflex
involuntary response to specific stimuli, short latency
(fast), born with them (innate)
Voluntary action/motor skill
long latency (slower), resulting from high order cognitive
processing, you make decision to do this action,
adaptable, response isn't determined but can be related to
stimulus
Motor Skill
activity or task requiring voluntary control over movement
(of the joints and body segments) to achieve a goal
Task perspective
a specific type of action
Performance Proficiency Perspective
level of skill, eg. expert vs novice
Task Perspective classification
,1- size of muscle groups involved
2- task organization
3- Predictability of the environment
Muscle groups/accuracy/control
gross skills, fine skills, mixed
Gross skills
walking, pushing, every activity requiring large muscles
Fine Skills
writing, surgery, small muscle groups (intricate)
Mixed
martial arts, gymnastics, large group of muscles but you
need to maintain high control + accuracy
Task Organization
1- Discrete
2- Serial
3- Continuous
Discrete
uniquely defined beginning and end, several combine to
make a sequence
Serial
several discrete skills connected in a specific sequence
Continuous
action does not have a distinct beginning and end, eg.
running and walking
predictability of environment
closed vs open skills
Closed skill
the environment is predictable and doesn't change from
moment to moment
Open Skill
,a task performed in an unpredictable environment; ever
changing
Stages of Performance and Learning
early, middle, late
Early stages
cognitive ("getting the idea of the movement")
- inaccurate
- inconsistent
-errorful
- indecisive
Middle Stages
forming efficient movement pattern
- more fluid
- more accurate
- more consistent
-more decisive
- more efficient
- more adaptable
- fewer errors
Late Stages
Autonomous (Not automatic), fixation/diversification
- accurate
- consistent
- certain
- efficient
- adaptable
-recognizes errors
Temporal Measures
response time, reaction time, movement time
Total Response Time
, Interval of time from onset of (unanticipated) stimulus to
response termination
Interpreting Response Time
Overall index of efficiency of sensorimotor processes,
planning and completing a movement after receiving
sensory information, consists of reaction time + movement
time
Reaction Time
interval from onset of stimulus to response initiation,
efficiency of peripheral and central processing: interpreting
stimulus information, planning and initiating the movement
Movement Time
interval from response initiation to response termination,
efficiency of movement planning and control
Spatial Measures
constant error, absolute error, variable error
Constant error/absolute constant error
distance from target location, accuracy or bias in
behaviour/overall accuracy
Variable error
distribution of the errors, precision/consistency of
behaviour
Calculate Constant Error
subtract target location from achieved location on each
trial, sum all errors together and divide by number of trials
Calculate Absolute Constant Error
subtract target location from achieved location on each
trial, take the absolute value of the difference, sum all
errors together and divide by number of trials
Calculate Variable Error
