1|Page
Advanced Pathology NR 507- final exam Questions
and Answers 100% Pass
Angle of His - ANSWER ✔✔-Creates a flap valve effect to prevent reflux and makes gastro esophageal
junction longer which increases the pressure
GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease) - ANSWER ✔✔-A digestive disease in which stomach acid or
bile irritates the food pipe lining.
Obesity makes the angle of His a widened angle which decreases the pressure at the gastro esophageal
junction
big fatty meals and carbonation stretches the stomach out which thins out the muscles around the
stomach which decreases the pressure on the flap valve
Hypotonic lower esophageal sphincter also allows reflux, as well as hiatal hernia, gastroparesis, and
obesity
heartburn and regurgitation are typical symptoms
chest pain, hoarseness, cough, asthma, and globus (lump in throat) are atypical for classic GERD
Created by Grace Amelia © 2025, All Rights Reserved.
,2|Page
Associated symptoms are dyspepsia, epigastric pain, bloating, belching, and nausea
H.Pylori bacteria is associated with GERD
Barrett's esophagus - ANSWER ✔✔-caused by exposure to enzymes coming from the stomach - stomach
acid does not cause this - so can have non-acid reflux Barrett's esophagus
diaphram - ANSWER ✔✔-a muscle that separates the chest from the abdominal cavity
also makes up the lower esophageal sphincter
The top 1/3 of the esophagus is ______________ muscle. - ANSWER ✔✔-skeletal muscle
the middle of the esophagus muscle is made up of...muscle - ANSWER ✔✔-skeletal and smooth muscle
the bottom 1/3 of the esophagus is made up of....muscle - ANSWER ✔✔-smooth muscle
simple obstruction of the GI tract - ANSWER ✔✔-result from the blockage of the intestine.
Causes of simple obstructions include adhesions, hernias, tumors, or even ingestion of inorganic objects
that become lodged within the intestine.
intussusception, or the telescoping of the intestinal wall onto itself, is more common in children less than
2 years of age,
Created by Grace Amelia © 2025, All Rights Reserved.
,3|Page
surgical adhesions are more common in adults.
Ingestion of objects that result in simple obstructions are more common during the toddler years.
Functional obstructions occur because of a lack of gut motility, such as during a paralytic ileus
peptic ulcer disease - ANSWER ✔✔-ulcer formation in the GI tract that affects the lining of the stomach
(gastric ulcer) or duodenum (duodenal ulcer) or lower part of the esophagus (esophageal ulcer)
form due to gastric acid and pepsin and the breakdown of the stomach lining
Risk factors for developing PUD include:
NSAID use.
Age greater than 65 years.
Genetic predisposition.
Alcohol ingestion.
the role of the stomach - ANSWER ✔✔-to liquify food by churning it and using enzymes and acid to
assist in the breakdown
pylorus - ANSWER ✔✔-a muscle like structure that squeezes food down into the duodenum
can become scarred and lead to obstruction with gastric ulcers
Created by Grace Amelia © 2025, All Rights Reserved.
, 4|Page
the mucosa layer of the stomach lining - ANSWER ✔✔-secrets mucosa rich in bicarbonate - it protects the
lining of the stomach from acid
has gastric pits that contain parietal cells, chief cells, and G-cells
parietal cells - ANSWER ✔✔-secrete HCl (hydrochloric acid) and intrinsic factor
chief cells - ANSWER ✔✔-secrete pepsinogen, which is converted to pepsin via the action of hydrochloric
acid
G-cells - ANSWER ✔✔-releases gastrin
submucosa - ANSWER ✔✔-on top of mucosa
contains connective tissue, nerves, and vessels
Muscularis Externa - ANSWER ✔✔-on top of the submucosa
three smooth muscle layers: aid in peristalysis
serosa - ANSWER ✔✔-on top of muscularis externa
outer layer of connective tissue that connects to organs
Good and Bad key players in peptic ulcer disease - ANSWER ✔✔-Good: "defense system"
bicarb = coats and protects cells
Created by Grace Amelia © 2025, All Rights Reserved.
Advanced Pathology NR 507- final exam Questions
and Answers 100% Pass
Angle of His - ANSWER ✔✔-Creates a flap valve effect to prevent reflux and makes gastro esophageal
junction longer which increases the pressure
GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease) - ANSWER ✔✔-A digestive disease in which stomach acid or
bile irritates the food pipe lining.
Obesity makes the angle of His a widened angle which decreases the pressure at the gastro esophageal
junction
big fatty meals and carbonation stretches the stomach out which thins out the muscles around the
stomach which decreases the pressure on the flap valve
Hypotonic lower esophageal sphincter also allows reflux, as well as hiatal hernia, gastroparesis, and
obesity
heartburn and regurgitation are typical symptoms
chest pain, hoarseness, cough, asthma, and globus (lump in throat) are atypical for classic GERD
Created by Grace Amelia © 2025, All Rights Reserved.
,2|Page
Associated symptoms are dyspepsia, epigastric pain, bloating, belching, and nausea
H.Pylori bacteria is associated with GERD
Barrett's esophagus - ANSWER ✔✔-caused by exposure to enzymes coming from the stomach - stomach
acid does not cause this - so can have non-acid reflux Barrett's esophagus
diaphram - ANSWER ✔✔-a muscle that separates the chest from the abdominal cavity
also makes up the lower esophageal sphincter
The top 1/3 of the esophagus is ______________ muscle. - ANSWER ✔✔-skeletal muscle
the middle of the esophagus muscle is made up of...muscle - ANSWER ✔✔-skeletal and smooth muscle
the bottom 1/3 of the esophagus is made up of....muscle - ANSWER ✔✔-smooth muscle
simple obstruction of the GI tract - ANSWER ✔✔-result from the blockage of the intestine.
Causes of simple obstructions include adhesions, hernias, tumors, or even ingestion of inorganic objects
that become lodged within the intestine.
intussusception, or the telescoping of the intestinal wall onto itself, is more common in children less than
2 years of age,
Created by Grace Amelia © 2025, All Rights Reserved.
,3|Page
surgical adhesions are more common in adults.
Ingestion of objects that result in simple obstructions are more common during the toddler years.
Functional obstructions occur because of a lack of gut motility, such as during a paralytic ileus
peptic ulcer disease - ANSWER ✔✔-ulcer formation in the GI tract that affects the lining of the stomach
(gastric ulcer) or duodenum (duodenal ulcer) or lower part of the esophagus (esophageal ulcer)
form due to gastric acid and pepsin and the breakdown of the stomach lining
Risk factors for developing PUD include:
NSAID use.
Age greater than 65 years.
Genetic predisposition.
Alcohol ingestion.
the role of the stomach - ANSWER ✔✔-to liquify food by churning it and using enzymes and acid to
assist in the breakdown
pylorus - ANSWER ✔✔-a muscle like structure that squeezes food down into the duodenum
can become scarred and lead to obstruction with gastric ulcers
Created by Grace Amelia © 2025, All Rights Reserved.
, 4|Page
the mucosa layer of the stomach lining - ANSWER ✔✔-secrets mucosa rich in bicarbonate - it protects the
lining of the stomach from acid
has gastric pits that contain parietal cells, chief cells, and G-cells
parietal cells - ANSWER ✔✔-secrete HCl (hydrochloric acid) and intrinsic factor
chief cells - ANSWER ✔✔-secrete pepsinogen, which is converted to pepsin via the action of hydrochloric
acid
G-cells - ANSWER ✔✔-releases gastrin
submucosa - ANSWER ✔✔-on top of mucosa
contains connective tissue, nerves, and vessels
Muscularis Externa - ANSWER ✔✔-on top of the submucosa
three smooth muscle layers: aid in peristalysis
serosa - ANSWER ✔✔-on top of muscularis externa
outer layer of connective tissue that connects to organs
Good and Bad key players in peptic ulcer disease - ANSWER ✔✔-Good: "defense system"
bicarb = coats and protects cells
Created by Grace Amelia © 2025, All Rights Reserved.
