ANP 652 Final Study
Guide
1.Characteristics and Symptoms of Dementia: Cognitive: mental decline,
confu- sion in the evening hours, disorientation, inability to speak or
understand language, making things up, mental confusion, or inability
to recognize common things Behavioral: irritability, personality
changes, restlessness, lack of restraint, or wan- dering and getting lost
Mood: anxiety, loneliness, mood swings, or nervousness
Psychological: depression, hallucination, or paranoia
Muscular: inability to combine muscle movements or unsteady
walking Also common: memory loss, falling, jumbled speech, or
sleep disorder
2.Pathophysiology of Dementia: Dementia is caused by damage to or
loss of nerve cells and their connections in the brain. Depending on
the area of the brain that's damaged, dementia can affect people
differently and cause different symptoms.
Dementias are often grouped by what they have in common, such as the
protein or proteins deposited in the brain or the part of the brain that's
affected. Some diseases look like dementias, such as those caused by a
reaction to medications or vitamin deficiencies, and they might improve
with treatment.
3.What is a focal seizure?: Occurs in one part of the brain, child will
remain conscious, may verbalize during the seizure
4.Triad of Parkinson's Disease: resting tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia
5.AIDS dementia complex: the mental disorder resulting from an attack
by HIV on the brain and nerves
6.Dementia Screening Tools:
MMSE MOCA
SLUMS
Mini-Cog
7.Sinusitis treatment: Decongestant, acetaminophen, fluids, rest,
antibiotics Broad-spectrum antibiotics for bacterial infection
Antifungals and/or surgery for fungal infection
8.Symptoms of Acute Angle Glaucoma: sudden occular pain, seeing
,halos around light, red eye
9.Giant Cell Ateritis: an inflammation of the arteries in and around
the scalp. unknown cause.
Diagnosed by biopsy of the temporal
artery. SXS: HA, jaw pain, vision loss,
fever, and fatigue.
TX: Prompt tx w/steroids to prevent permanent vision loss.
NSAIDS. Complications: irreversible vission loss
10.Temporal arteritis: a form of vasculitis that can cause headaches,
visual im- pairment, jaw pain, and other symptoms
11.Trigeminal Neuralgia: characterized by severe lightning-like pain
due to an inflammation of the fifth cranial nerve
12.Measurement of Jugular Oxygen Saturation: Normal jugular venous
oxygen saturation (SJVO2) ranges between 60 and 90%. A decline to
below 50% is con- sidered indicative of cerebral ischaemia.
Spontaneous episodes of desaturation (SJVO2 < 50% for at least 15
min) were frequent during the acute phase of these insults.
13.Types of Migraine headaches: Migraines - dysfunction of the brain
stem path- ways that normally modulates sensory input. Rise in plasma
serotonin dilates the cerebral vessels.
- can be triggered by: menstrual cycle, bright lights, stress, oral
contraceptives, certain foods, fatigue, overuse of certain meds,
sleep deprivation
- migraines without aura is the most common type
- its unilateral with moderate pain; may cause photophobia, phonophobia
& nausea
Tension-type - steady & constant feeling of pressure that usually begins
in the forehead, temple or back of neck.
- often bandlike or may be described as " a weight on top of my head"
Cluster Headache - severe form of vascular headache.
- Unilateral and come in clusters of 1 to 8 daily
- excruciating pain localized to the eye & orbit, radiating to the facial
& temporal regions
- pain accompanied by watery eyes and may have crescendo-
decrescendo pattern
- attacks last from 15min to 3 hrs
- pain described as penetrating
, Cranial arteritis -
- fatigue, malaise, weight loss & fever.
- inflammation; heat redness, swelling, tenderness, or pain, over involved
artery
- sometimes a tender, swollen, or nodular temporal artery is visible.
- visual problems caused by ischemia of involved structures
- cranial arteritis thought to be immune vasculitis
14.Etiology of Guillain-Barre Syndrome: normally preceded by an
infection such as an intestinal diarrhea or upper respiratory tract
infection - see Campylobacter Je- juni; also associated with systemic
conditions such as HIV, sarcoidosis, lymphoma, and SLE
15.Edrophonium Test (Tensilon Test): Injection of the chemical
edrophonium chloride (Tensilon) may result in a sudden, although
temporary, improvement in your
muscle strength. This is an indication that you may have myasthenia
gravis. Edrophonium chloride blocks acetylcholinesterase an enzyme tha
breaks down acetylcholine, the chemical that transmits signals from you
nerve endings to your muscle receptor sites.
16.Characteristics of Myasthenia Gravis: -Muscular weakness and fatigue
-Respiratory muscle paralysis, ptosis, difficulty chewing and swallowing
17.Diagnostics for Closed Head Injuries: MRI AND CT
18.Brain death criteria: Completion of all appropriate diagnostic and
therapeutic procedures
Unresponsive coma (absence of motor and reflex
responses) No spontaneous respirations (apnea)
Pupils dilated, fixed; no
reflexes Flat EEG
No ocular responses
Isoelectric EEG
Persistence 6 to 12 hours after onset
19.Cervical Spine injury: Hyperextension of the
neck Hyperflexion of the neck
Possibly with fracture
Usually damage to disc and ligaments occurs
affects motor and sensory fuction in arm,legs, and trunk, respiratory
functions, SNS functions, Sacral parasympathetic fibers
Inflammation may extend upward to the level of C3-C5
20.Meningitis: inflammation of the meninges of the brain and spinal cord
21.Meningitis symptoms: classic triad of headache, neck stiffness and
Guide
1.Characteristics and Symptoms of Dementia: Cognitive: mental decline,
confu- sion in the evening hours, disorientation, inability to speak or
understand language, making things up, mental confusion, or inability
to recognize common things Behavioral: irritability, personality
changes, restlessness, lack of restraint, or wan- dering and getting lost
Mood: anxiety, loneliness, mood swings, or nervousness
Psychological: depression, hallucination, or paranoia
Muscular: inability to combine muscle movements or unsteady
walking Also common: memory loss, falling, jumbled speech, or
sleep disorder
2.Pathophysiology of Dementia: Dementia is caused by damage to or
loss of nerve cells and their connections in the brain. Depending on
the area of the brain that's damaged, dementia can affect people
differently and cause different symptoms.
Dementias are often grouped by what they have in common, such as the
protein or proteins deposited in the brain or the part of the brain that's
affected. Some diseases look like dementias, such as those caused by a
reaction to medications or vitamin deficiencies, and they might improve
with treatment.
3.What is a focal seizure?: Occurs in one part of the brain, child will
remain conscious, may verbalize during the seizure
4.Triad of Parkinson's Disease: resting tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia
5.AIDS dementia complex: the mental disorder resulting from an attack
by HIV on the brain and nerves
6.Dementia Screening Tools:
MMSE MOCA
SLUMS
Mini-Cog
7.Sinusitis treatment: Decongestant, acetaminophen, fluids, rest,
antibiotics Broad-spectrum antibiotics for bacterial infection
Antifungals and/or surgery for fungal infection
8.Symptoms of Acute Angle Glaucoma: sudden occular pain, seeing
,halos around light, red eye
9.Giant Cell Ateritis: an inflammation of the arteries in and around
the scalp. unknown cause.
Diagnosed by biopsy of the temporal
artery. SXS: HA, jaw pain, vision loss,
fever, and fatigue.
TX: Prompt tx w/steroids to prevent permanent vision loss.
NSAIDS. Complications: irreversible vission loss
10.Temporal arteritis: a form of vasculitis that can cause headaches,
visual im- pairment, jaw pain, and other symptoms
11.Trigeminal Neuralgia: characterized by severe lightning-like pain
due to an inflammation of the fifth cranial nerve
12.Measurement of Jugular Oxygen Saturation: Normal jugular venous
oxygen saturation (SJVO2) ranges between 60 and 90%. A decline to
below 50% is con- sidered indicative of cerebral ischaemia.
Spontaneous episodes of desaturation (SJVO2 < 50% for at least 15
min) were frequent during the acute phase of these insults.
13.Types of Migraine headaches: Migraines - dysfunction of the brain
stem path- ways that normally modulates sensory input. Rise in plasma
serotonin dilates the cerebral vessels.
- can be triggered by: menstrual cycle, bright lights, stress, oral
contraceptives, certain foods, fatigue, overuse of certain meds,
sleep deprivation
- migraines without aura is the most common type
- its unilateral with moderate pain; may cause photophobia, phonophobia
& nausea
Tension-type - steady & constant feeling of pressure that usually begins
in the forehead, temple or back of neck.
- often bandlike or may be described as " a weight on top of my head"
Cluster Headache - severe form of vascular headache.
- Unilateral and come in clusters of 1 to 8 daily
- excruciating pain localized to the eye & orbit, radiating to the facial
& temporal regions
- pain accompanied by watery eyes and may have crescendo-
decrescendo pattern
- attacks last from 15min to 3 hrs
- pain described as penetrating
, Cranial arteritis -
- fatigue, malaise, weight loss & fever.
- inflammation; heat redness, swelling, tenderness, or pain, over involved
artery
- sometimes a tender, swollen, or nodular temporal artery is visible.
- visual problems caused by ischemia of involved structures
- cranial arteritis thought to be immune vasculitis
14.Etiology of Guillain-Barre Syndrome: normally preceded by an
infection such as an intestinal diarrhea or upper respiratory tract
infection - see Campylobacter Je- juni; also associated with systemic
conditions such as HIV, sarcoidosis, lymphoma, and SLE
15.Edrophonium Test (Tensilon Test): Injection of the chemical
edrophonium chloride (Tensilon) may result in a sudden, although
temporary, improvement in your
muscle strength. This is an indication that you may have myasthenia
gravis. Edrophonium chloride blocks acetylcholinesterase an enzyme tha
breaks down acetylcholine, the chemical that transmits signals from you
nerve endings to your muscle receptor sites.
16.Characteristics of Myasthenia Gravis: -Muscular weakness and fatigue
-Respiratory muscle paralysis, ptosis, difficulty chewing and swallowing
17.Diagnostics for Closed Head Injuries: MRI AND CT
18.Brain death criteria: Completion of all appropriate diagnostic and
therapeutic procedures
Unresponsive coma (absence of motor and reflex
responses) No spontaneous respirations (apnea)
Pupils dilated, fixed; no
reflexes Flat EEG
No ocular responses
Isoelectric EEG
Persistence 6 to 12 hours after onset
19.Cervical Spine injury: Hyperextension of the
neck Hyperflexion of the neck
Possibly with fracture
Usually damage to disc and ligaments occurs
affects motor and sensory fuction in arm,legs, and trunk, respiratory
functions, SNS functions, Sacral parasympathetic fibers
Inflammation may extend upward to the level of C3-C5
20.Meningitis: inflammation of the meninges of the brain and spinal cord
21.Meningitis symptoms: classic triad of headache, neck stiffness and
