6/18/23,b12:23bP LCP4801bExambanswer
M s
LCP4801b–b2017bOCT/NOVbexambmemo:
False,bthebtwobrequirementsbtobbebpresentbforbabrulebofbcustomarybinternationalbtobde
velopbare:
ti1)bGeneralbpracticebreferredbtobasbusus;band
bti2)bAcceptedbasblawbreferredbtobasbopinionbj
uris.
True,bthebIJCbconfirmedbthatbthebUNbmaybexercisebdiplomaticbprotectionboverbitsbag
entsbandbalsobinstitutebactionbonbtheirbbehalfbforbinjuriesbsufferedbinbthebcoursebofbt
heirbduties.
True,bhoweverbcrimesboverbwhichbnationalitybjurisdictionbisbexercisedbdependsbonbwhe
therbthebstate’sblegalbsystembisbbasedbon,bcivilborbcommonblaw.
False,binbSbvbBandabthebcourtbcamebtobthebconclusionbthebdeclaratorybtheorybwasbthe
bmorebacceptablebtheorybtobfollowbinbtermsbofbrecognitionbasbabrequirement.bThebpro
ponentsbofbthisbtheorybmaintainbthebactbofbrecognitionbisbnotbabrequirementbofbstateh
ood.
False,bthebInternationalbCriminalbTribunalbforbthebFormerbYugoslaviabtiICTY)band
bInternationalbCriminalbTribunal bforbRwandabtiICTR)bare badbhocbinternationalbcri
minalbtribunals.
Abtreatybisbanbagreement,bwhetherbwrittenborboral,bconcludedbbetweenbpublicbinternati
onalbsubjects,bwithbthebintentionbofbcreatingbabpublicbinternationalblawbrelationship.bTh
us,babtreatybconcludedbviaboralbagreementbqualifiesbasbabtreaty.bHowever,bDougardbJbs
tates:b“Althoughboralbagreementsbbetweenbstatebrepresentativesbmaybcreateblegalboblig
ationsbforbstates,btheybdobnotbqualifybasbtreaties.”
about:blank 1/23
,6/18/23,b12:23bP LCP4801bExambanswer
M s
Thebproblembwithboralbagreementsbisbonebofbproof.bThebViennabConventionbonbthebLa
wbofbTreatiesbtiVC)bprovidesbinbarticleb3:bthebfactbthatbitbonlybappliesbtobagreementsbi
nbwriting,bdoesbnotbaffectbtheblegalbforcebofboralbagreementtis).bMeaningboralbagreem
entbarebtreatiesbasbtheybsatisfybthebrequirementsbofbtreatiesbwhichbare:b“twobcompeten
t,bconsentingbpartiesbthatbagreebtobabpublicbinternationalblawbrelationship,bthatbgivebris
ebtobreciprocalbrightsbandbdutiesbwhichbarebgovernedbbybinternationalblaw.”
Thebonlybdifferencebbetweenbtreatiesbinbwritingbandboralbagreementsbisbthatboralbag
reementsbcannotbbebregisteredbasbabtreatybwithbthebUNbsecretariatbandbtheboralbag
reementbisbnotbgovernedbbybthebVC.bThisbmeansbthatbthebtreatybcannotbbebenforced
bbybthebICJ.bThus,banboralbagreementbmustbbebregardedbasbabtreaty.
Sectionb231bdeterminesbwhetherbabtreatybbindsbSouthbAfricabtiSA)bonbthebinternation
albplainbandbwhetherbabtreatybhasblegalbeffectbdomesticallybi.e.bwhetherbabdomesticbc
ourtbcanbdirectlybapplybsuchbabtreaty.
S231ti1)bProvidesbwhobmaybnegotiatebandbsignbtreaties.bThisbpowerbisbdelegatedbto
bthebrelevantbDepartmentbofbForeignbAffairsborbministerbinbchargebofbthebtopicbcove
redbbybthebtreaty.
S231ti2)bDealsbwithbthebprocessbbybwhichbabtreatybbecomesbbindingbforbSAbonbthebint
ernationalbplane.bThebtreatybmustbbebapprovedbbybbothbhousesbofbParliamentbi.e.btheb
NAbandbNCP,bunlessbitbisbanbagreementbreferredbtobunderbsubsectionbti3)bbelow.bNoteb
thatbthisbtreatybapprovalbisbnotbadoptionbofblegislationbinbtermsbofbSectionb73bandbthus
bdoesbnotbbringbthebtreatybintobeffectbinbourbnationalblaw.
S231ti3)bProvidesbthatbtechnical,badministrativeborbexecutivebtreatiesbandbtreatiesbwh
ichbrequirebneitherbratificationbnorbaccession,bwillbbindbSAbonbthebinternationalbplaneb
withoutbapprovalbbybParliament,bbutbmustbbebtabledbinbthebNationalbAssemblybtiNA)b
andbthebNationalbCouncilbofbProvincesbtiNCP)bwithinbreasonablebtime.
S231ti4)bProvidesbthatballbinternationalbagreementsbtitreaties)bbecomeblawbandbareb
enforceablebbybmunicipalbcourtsbonlybafterbtheybhavebbeenb“enactedbasbablawbbybnat
ionalblegislation”.bInbinbotherbwords,bthebprocessbofbabtreatybtransposingbfrombanbinte
rnationalbplanebtobabdomesticblevel.
Itbfurtherbprovidesbforbso-calledb“self-
executing”btreatiesbwhichbautomaticallybacquirebdomesticbvaliditybwithoutbParliame
ntarybenactment,bprovidedbtheybarebnotbinconsistentbwithbthebConstitutionborbanbAc
tbofbParliament.
Subsectionsbti3)bandbti4)bbothbprovidebforbacceptationsbtobthebprocedurebsetbo
utbinbsubsectionsbti1)bandbti2).
about:blank 2/23
, 6/18/23,b12:23bP LCP4801bExambanswer
M s
InbtermsbofbSubsectionbti4),bthebself-
executingbtreatybconceptbwasbadoptedbfrombthebAmericanbcourtsbandbdescribed
bbybShearerb as:
“[Abtreaty]bwhichbdoesbnotbinbthebviewbofbthebAmericanbcourtsbexpresslyborbbybitsbn
aturebrequireblegislationbtobmakebitboperativebwithinbthebmunicipalbfield,bandbthatbi
sbtobbebdeterminedbbybregardbtobthebintentionbofbthebsignatorybpartiesbandbtobtheb
surroundingbcircumstances.”
Inbotherbwords,bthebSouthbAfricanbcourtsbmustbdeterminebwhetherbabparticularbprovisi
onbinbabtreaty,beitherbbybnaturebofbprovisionbor,bexpresslybdoesbnotbrequireblegislation
btobbringbitbintoboperationbmunicipallybtiself-
executing).bThebcourtbwillbdeterminebthisbbybtakingbtwobfactorsbintobaccountbnamely:
ti1)bthebintentionbofbthebsignatoriesba
ndbti2)bthebsurroundingbcircumstances
.
ThisbconceptbhasbbeenbcriticisedbbyblegalbscholarsbinbSAbasbnotbbeingbsuitablebinbthebS
Abcontext.bAndbinbtermsbofbcaseblawbtherebhasbalsobnotbbeenbanybclaritybprovided.bThi
sbcanbbebillustratedbbybthebQuaglianibandbGoodwinbcases.bThebQuaglianibcasebinvolvedb
anbextraditionbtreatybthatbhadbnotbbeenbenactedbintobSAblawbasbrequiredbbybS231ti4),bt
hebtreatybcouldbnotbbebusedbunlessbitbwasbprovenbtobbeb“self-
executing”.bBecausebtherebwasbnobprovisionbmadebforbitbviablegislation,bthebstatebargu
edbthatbthebtreatybwasb“self-
executing”bbybthebmerebexchangebofbthebparties’binstrumentsbofbratificationbwhichbthe
bcourtbrejectedbasbthebstatebwasbconfusingbthebinternational,bsubsectionbti2)bwithbtheb
domesticbsubsectionbti4)bapplicationbofbthebtreaty.
ContradictorybtobthebabovebcasebthebGoodwinbcasebruledbinbfavourbofbthebself-
executingbnaturebofbthebextraditionbagreement.bBothbcasesbendedbupbinbthebConstituti
onalbCourtbandbwhatbwebcanbsay,bisbthatbJusticebSachsbconfirmedbthatbthebextraditionbt
reatybtiRSA/US)bhadbnotbbeenbincorporatedbbyblegislation.bHebalsobheldbthatbhebwasbN
OTbfindingbthatbthebtreatybwasbself-
executing,bBUTbhebdidbfindbthatbitbwasbenforceablebinbourblaw.
Webthereforebnowbhavebabthird,bunspecifiedbmannerbinbwhichbtreatiesbbecomeblawb
inbSouthbAfrica.bWhilebthisbjudgmentbbybthebConstitutionalbCourtbstands,bonebcanbon
lybhopebthatbitbwillbbebrestrictedbtobextraditionbtreatiesbonly.bItbhas,bhowever,bopened
bthebdoorbtobspeculationbofbwhichbyoubshouldbbebaware.
about:blank 3/23
M s
LCP4801b–b2017bOCT/NOVbexambmemo:
False,bthebtwobrequirementsbtobbebpresentbforbabrulebofbcustomarybinternationalbtobde
velopbare:
ti1)bGeneralbpracticebreferredbtobasbusus;band
bti2)bAcceptedbasblawbreferredbtobasbopinionbj
uris.
True,bthebIJCbconfirmedbthatbthebUNbmaybexercisebdiplomaticbprotectionboverbitsbag
entsbandbalsobinstitutebactionbonbtheirbbehalfbforbinjuriesbsufferedbinbthebcoursebofbt
heirbduties.
True,bhoweverbcrimesboverbwhichbnationalitybjurisdictionbisbexercisedbdependsbonbwhe
therbthebstate’sblegalbsystembisbbasedbon,bcivilborbcommonblaw.
False,binbSbvbBandabthebcourtbcamebtobthebconclusionbthebdeclaratorybtheorybwasbthe
bmorebacceptablebtheorybtobfollowbinbtermsbofbrecognitionbasbabrequirement.bThebpro
ponentsbofbthisbtheorybmaintainbthebactbofbrecognitionbisbnotbabrequirementbofbstateh
ood.
False,bthebInternationalbCriminalbTribunalbforbthebFormerbYugoslaviabtiICTY)band
bInternationalbCriminalbTribunal bforbRwandabtiICTR)bare badbhocbinternationalbcri
minalbtribunals.
Abtreatybisbanbagreement,bwhetherbwrittenborboral,bconcludedbbetweenbpublicbinternati
onalbsubjects,bwithbthebintentionbofbcreatingbabpublicbinternationalblawbrelationship.bTh
us,babtreatybconcludedbviaboralbagreementbqualifiesbasbabtreaty.bHowever,bDougardbJbs
tates:b“Althoughboralbagreementsbbetweenbstatebrepresentativesbmaybcreateblegalboblig
ationsbforbstates,btheybdobnotbqualifybasbtreaties.”
about:blank 1/23
,6/18/23,b12:23bP LCP4801bExambanswer
M s
Thebproblembwithboralbagreementsbisbonebofbproof.bThebViennabConventionbonbthebLa
wbofbTreatiesbtiVC)bprovidesbinbarticleb3:bthebfactbthatbitbonlybappliesbtobagreementsbi
nbwriting,bdoesbnotbaffectbtheblegalbforcebofboralbagreementtis).bMeaningboralbagreem
entbarebtreatiesbasbtheybsatisfybthebrequirementsbofbtreatiesbwhichbare:b“twobcompeten
t,bconsentingbpartiesbthatbagreebtobabpublicbinternationalblawbrelationship,bthatbgivebris
ebtobreciprocalbrightsbandbdutiesbwhichbarebgovernedbbybinternationalblaw.”
Thebonlybdifferencebbetweenbtreatiesbinbwritingbandboralbagreementsbisbthatboralbag
reementsbcannotbbebregisteredbasbabtreatybwithbthebUNbsecretariatbandbtheboralbag
reementbisbnotbgovernedbbybthebVC.bThisbmeansbthatbthebtreatybcannotbbebenforced
bbybthebICJ.bThus,banboralbagreementbmustbbebregardedbasbabtreaty.
Sectionb231bdeterminesbwhetherbabtreatybbindsbSouthbAfricabtiSA)bonbthebinternation
albplainbandbwhetherbabtreatybhasblegalbeffectbdomesticallybi.e.bwhetherbabdomesticbc
ourtbcanbdirectlybapplybsuchbabtreaty.
S231ti1)bProvidesbwhobmaybnegotiatebandbsignbtreaties.bThisbpowerbisbdelegatedbto
bthebrelevantbDepartmentbofbForeignbAffairsborbministerbinbchargebofbthebtopicbcove
redbbybthebtreaty.
S231ti2)bDealsbwithbthebprocessbbybwhichbabtreatybbecomesbbindingbforbSAbonbthebint
ernationalbplane.bThebtreatybmustbbebapprovedbbybbothbhousesbofbParliamentbi.e.btheb
NAbandbNCP,bunlessbitbisbanbagreementbreferredbtobunderbsubsectionbti3)bbelow.bNoteb
thatbthisbtreatybapprovalbisbnotbadoptionbofblegislationbinbtermsbofbSectionb73bandbthus
bdoesbnotbbringbthebtreatybintobeffectbinbourbnationalblaw.
S231ti3)bProvidesbthatbtechnical,badministrativeborbexecutivebtreatiesbandbtreatiesbwh
ichbrequirebneitherbratificationbnorbaccession,bwillbbindbSAbonbthebinternationalbplaneb
withoutbapprovalbbybParliament,bbutbmustbbebtabledbinbthebNationalbAssemblybtiNA)b
andbthebNationalbCouncilbofbProvincesbtiNCP)bwithinbreasonablebtime.
S231ti4)bProvidesbthatballbinternationalbagreementsbtitreaties)bbecomeblawbandbareb
enforceablebbybmunicipalbcourtsbonlybafterbtheybhavebbeenb“enactedbasbablawbbybnat
ionalblegislation”.bInbinbotherbwords,bthebprocessbofbabtreatybtransposingbfrombanbinte
rnationalbplanebtobabdomesticblevel.
Itbfurtherbprovidesbforbso-calledb“self-
executing”btreatiesbwhichbautomaticallybacquirebdomesticbvaliditybwithoutbParliame
ntarybenactment,bprovidedbtheybarebnotbinconsistentbwithbthebConstitutionborbanbAc
tbofbParliament.
Subsectionsbti3)bandbti4)bbothbprovidebforbacceptationsbtobthebprocedurebsetbo
utbinbsubsectionsbti1)bandbti2).
about:blank 2/23
, 6/18/23,b12:23bP LCP4801bExambanswer
M s
InbtermsbofbSubsectionbti4),bthebself-
executingbtreatybconceptbwasbadoptedbfrombthebAmericanbcourtsbandbdescribed
bbybShearerb as:
“[Abtreaty]bwhichbdoesbnotbinbthebviewbofbthebAmericanbcourtsbexpresslyborbbybitsbn
aturebrequireblegislationbtobmakebitboperativebwithinbthebmunicipalbfield,bandbthatbi
sbtobbebdeterminedbbybregardbtobthebintentionbofbthebsignatorybpartiesbandbtobtheb
surroundingbcircumstances.”
Inbotherbwords,bthebSouthbAfricanbcourtsbmustbdeterminebwhetherbabparticularbprovisi
onbinbabtreaty,beitherbbybnaturebofbprovisionbor,bexpresslybdoesbnotbrequireblegislation
btobbringbitbintoboperationbmunicipallybtiself-
executing).bThebcourtbwillbdeterminebthisbbybtakingbtwobfactorsbintobaccountbnamely:
ti1)bthebintentionbofbthebsignatoriesba
ndbti2)bthebsurroundingbcircumstances
.
ThisbconceptbhasbbeenbcriticisedbbyblegalbscholarsbinbSAbasbnotbbeingbsuitablebinbthebS
Abcontext.bAndbinbtermsbofbcaseblawbtherebhasbalsobnotbbeenbanybclaritybprovided.bThi
sbcanbbebillustratedbbybthebQuaglianibandbGoodwinbcases.bThebQuaglianibcasebinvolvedb
anbextraditionbtreatybthatbhadbnotbbeenbenactedbintobSAblawbasbrequiredbbybS231ti4),bt
hebtreatybcouldbnotbbebusedbunlessbitbwasbprovenbtobbeb“self-
executing”.bBecausebtherebwasbnobprovisionbmadebforbitbviablegislation,bthebstatebargu
edbthatbthebtreatybwasb“self-
executing”bbybthebmerebexchangebofbthebparties’binstrumentsbofbratificationbwhichbthe
bcourtbrejectedbasbthebstatebwasbconfusingbthebinternational,bsubsectionbti2)bwithbtheb
domesticbsubsectionbti4)bapplicationbofbthebtreaty.
ContradictorybtobthebabovebcasebthebGoodwinbcasebruledbinbfavourbofbthebself-
executingbnaturebofbthebextraditionbagreement.bBothbcasesbendedbupbinbthebConstituti
onalbCourtbandbwhatbwebcanbsay,bisbthatbJusticebSachsbconfirmedbthatbthebextraditionbt
reatybtiRSA/US)bhadbnotbbeenbincorporatedbbyblegislation.bHebalsobheldbthatbhebwasbN
OTbfindingbthatbthebtreatybwasbself-
executing,bBUTbhebdidbfindbthatbitbwasbenforceablebinbourblaw.
Webthereforebnowbhavebabthird,bunspecifiedbmannerbinbwhichbtreatiesbbecomeblawb
inbSouthbAfrica.bWhilebthisbjudgmentbbybthebConstitutionalbCourtbstands,bonebcanbon
lybhopebthatbitbwillbbebrestrictedbtobextraditionbtreatiesbonly.bItbhas,bhowever,bopened
bthebdoorbtobspeculationbofbwhichbyoubshouldbbebaware.
about:blank 3/23
