Congenital Heart Disease Exam Questions with Verified Solutions Rated A+ (Already Passed)

Congenital Heart Disease Exam Questions with Verified Solutions Rated A+ (Already Passed) what is the incidence of congenital heart disease in dogs? - Answers 5-9 cases per 1000 dogs PDA subaortic stenosis pulmonic stenosis what is the incidence of congenital heart disease in cats? - Answers 2-10 cases per 1000 cats ventricular septal defect atrioventricular valve dysplasia how do we diagnose congenital heart disease? - Answers signalment history PE thoracic rads ECG echo cardiac catherization what is the normal anatomy of the heart? - Answers complete left and right chamber separation no obstruction ore regurgitation across valves normal chamber pressures what are the principles of cardiac remodeling? - Answers volume overlaod --eccentric hypertrophy (everything gets bigger, walls actually thin) pressure overload --conceontric hypertrophy (walls get thicker) what is patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)? - Answers fetal circulation: ductus arteriosus neonatal circulation: ligamentum arteriosum lack of vascular smooth muscle in ductal wall results in failure of closure after birth continuous L to R shunt pulmonry overcirculation left-sided V overload --LV eccentric hypertrophy --LA enlargement L-CHF what is the signalment and genetics of PDA? - Answers poodles (all sizes - FEMALE, chuhuahah, maletese, pomeranian, english springer spaniel, keeshond, bichon frise, cavalier king charles spaniel, shetland sheepdog, germans female male (2:1 up to 3:1) polygenic traume what is the hx and PE of PDA? - Answers normal or signs of L-CHF continuous murmur with PMI at left axilla (CRANIOdorsal to heart base) abnormal lung sounds if CHF present bouding femoral pulses --large decrease in diastolic systemic arterial pressure --systolic systemic arterial pressure normal to mildly increases what do you see on ECG with PDA? - Answers may see evidecne of left-sided enlargement --tall R waves --wide P waves what do we see on rads with PDA? - Answers evidence of left-sided enlargement --LA enlarged --LV enlarged --left auricular bulge ductal bulge (Ao) THREE KNUCKLE -ductal ao bulge -PA bulge -auricular bulge enlarged pulmonary vessels what do we see on echo with PDA? - Answers LA and LV enlarged (eccentric dilation) continuous turbulence what is the treatment of PDA? - Answers recommend closure --transcatheter occlusion (amplatz canine ductal occluder***, gianturco coials) --surgical ligation prevents --L-CHF what is the prognosis of PDA? - Answers excellent long-term correction --resolution of cardiac changes without treatment --L-CHF --death: up to 64% within 1 year --shunt reversal: rare, eissenmenger's phyiosology what is eisenmenger's physiology? - Answers R-to-L shunt due to pulmonary hypertension (PH) --cyanosis: ONLLY AFFECTS HIND QUARTERS a response to large left-to-right shunt --high pulmonary flow initially --increases pulmonary vesicular R --shunt reversal and decreased pulmonary flow systemic hypoxia RV concentric hypertrophy polycythemia what is (sub)aortic stenosis? - Answers fibrous ridge or ring --developmental LV pressure overload --concentric hypertrophy --ischemia and fibrosis --ventricular arrhythmias --abnormal diastolic filling post-stenotic dilation aortic valve damage what is the signalment and genetics of (sub)aortic stenosis? - Answers large breed dogs --newfoundlands, rotties, boxer, germans, goldens autosomal dominant with modifying genes or polygenic in newfoundlands