BI315 exam 1
1. acute changes: short term changes exhibited after environmental changes
2. chronic changes: long term changes that are displayed after being in new environment for days, weeks,
months
3. 4 types of proteins: structural, catalytic, regulatory, transport
4. in negative feedback regulation, the outcome the rate of the process-
: reduces
5. Afferent pathway vs Efferent pathway: (A)fferent pathway "(a)pproaches" the control center
(E)fferent pathway "(e)xits" the control center
6. how do neurons portray positive feedback with Na+: theres an influx of Na into neuron ---> depolarizes
membrane potential (cytosol becomes more positively charged)---> increase in opening of voltage gated Na channels
7. what is cells concentration of K+: high inside, low outside
8. what is cells concentration of Na+: high outside, low inside
9. diffusion: passive movement of solutes from an area of high concentration to low
10.what ease in which a solute can cross the cells membrane is called: per- meability
11.what can cross cell mem easily: small, uncharged, hydrophobic molecules (small lipids like steroids)
12.what cannot cross the cell membrane: hydrophilic molecules: glucose, ions, and large polar molecules
13.what charge is inside a cell: negative
14.Where does the water flow in a container: towards more solute conc
15.osmolarity: total concentration of dissolved solutes
16.hyperosmotic: solution with a greater concentration of solute
17.hypoosmotic: lower solute concentration
18.how would you regulate osmosis: regulate rate of osmosis by changing num- ber of water channels (aquaporins)
in their plasma mem
19.tonicity: the ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water
20.simple diffusion: - solutes passively moving down conc grad
21.facilitated diffusion: Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels, no
energy
22.active transport: transport protein moves a solute against its concentration gradient
23.primary active transport: a pump protein directly uses energy (from hydrolyz- ing ATP) to transport a solute
against its conc grad
24.secondary active transport: a co or countertrasnporter moves one solute down its conc grad and use the energy
released by this to move a second solute against its conc gradient
1/
10
, BI315 exam 1
25.in the Na+/K+ Pump, what direction and how many ions flow: 3 Na+ out, 2 K+ in
26.why is Na+ a common solute to drive secondary active trasnport: initial Na+ gradient is generated by pumps like
the Na/K+ATPase
27.what are the four tissue types: epithelial, connective, nervous, muscle
28.function of nervous tissue: process information, controls over body systems
29.function of muscle tissue: moves body parts, including internal movements like contractions of heart,gut
30.function of connective tissue: most diverse: includes blood cells, fat cells, bones/tendons/ligaments - provides
structure and adhesion; long-distance transport
31.function of epithelial tissue: lines inside and outside of body surfaces and covers organs, regulates movement
in and out, and forms glands
32.how do cells and extracellular components need to be organized and sup- ported in such a shape and
orientation so that they work properly: extracellular matrix and junction proteins (physically connect cells to each
other and the ECM)
33.three types of junctions: tight, anchoring, gap
34.how do anchoring junctions work: strongly link cells to each other and the ECM
35.how do tight junctions work: they link epithelial cells close together to prevent leakage of ECM between cells
36.how do gap junctions work: provide channels for diffusion of solutes between linked cells
37.The side of the epithelium that is exposed to the outside open space inside lumen: apical
38.the side of epithelium that is bound to basement membrane: basolateral
39.in epithelium cells, why does water move from lumen to interstitial fluid?: it follows the flow of the solutes
(Na+)
40.ingestion: intake of food
41.digestion: breakdown of food
42.absoption: pull in nutrients from food
43.metabolism: how cells use the components to make new things
44.excretion: metabolic wastes are excreting body
45.steps of digestion: 1. food is ingested and mechanically digested by chewing and stomach mixing
2.food is then chemically digested by secreted substances (mostly in small intestine)
3. nutrients further digested or altered by symbiotic gut microbiota
4. digested molecules and water are absorbed across gut epithelium via specialized transporter proteins
2/
10
1. acute changes: short term changes exhibited after environmental changes
2. chronic changes: long term changes that are displayed after being in new environment for days, weeks,
months
3. 4 types of proteins: structural, catalytic, regulatory, transport
4. in negative feedback regulation, the outcome the rate of the process-
: reduces
5. Afferent pathway vs Efferent pathway: (A)fferent pathway "(a)pproaches" the control center
(E)fferent pathway "(e)xits" the control center
6. how do neurons portray positive feedback with Na+: theres an influx of Na into neuron ---> depolarizes
membrane potential (cytosol becomes more positively charged)---> increase in opening of voltage gated Na channels
7. what is cells concentration of K+: high inside, low outside
8. what is cells concentration of Na+: high outside, low inside
9. diffusion: passive movement of solutes from an area of high concentration to low
10.what ease in which a solute can cross the cells membrane is called: per- meability
11.what can cross cell mem easily: small, uncharged, hydrophobic molecules (small lipids like steroids)
12.what cannot cross the cell membrane: hydrophilic molecules: glucose, ions, and large polar molecules
13.what charge is inside a cell: negative
14.Where does the water flow in a container: towards more solute conc
15.osmolarity: total concentration of dissolved solutes
16.hyperosmotic: solution with a greater concentration of solute
17.hypoosmotic: lower solute concentration
18.how would you regulate osmosis: regulate rate of osmosis by changing num- ber of water channels (aquaporins)
in their plasma mem
19.tonicity: the ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water
20.simple diffusion: - solutes passively moving down conc grad
21.facilitated diffusion: Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels, no
energy
22.active transport: transport protein moves a solute against its concentration gradient
23.primary active transport: a pump protein directly uses energy (from hydrolyz- ing ATP) to transport a solute
against its conc grad
24.secondary active transport: a co or countertrasnporter moves one solute down its conc grad and use the energy
released by this to move a second solute against its conc gradient
1/
10
, BI315 exam 1
25.in the Na+/K+ Pump, what direction and how many ions flow: 3 Na+ out, 2 K+ in
26.why is Na+ a common solute to drive secondary active trasnport: initial Na+ gradient is generated by pumps like
the Na/K+ATPase
27.what are the four tissue types: epithelial, connective, nervous, muscle
28.function of nervous tissue: process information, controls over body systems
29.function of muscle tissue: moves body parts, including internal movements like contractions of heart,gut
30.function of connective tissue: most diverse: includes blood cells, fat cells, bones/tendons/ligaments - provides
structure and adhesion; long-distance transport
31.function of epithelial tissue: lines inside and outside of body surfaces and covers organs, regulates movement
in and out, and forms glands
32.how do cells and extracellular components need to be organized and sup- ported in such a shape and
orientation so that they work properly: extracellular matrix and junction proteins (physically connect cells to each
other and the ECM)
33.three types of junctions: tight, anchoring, gap
34.how do anchoring junctions work: strongly link cells to each other and the ECM
35.how do tight junctions work: they link epithelial cells close together to prevent leakage of ECM between cells
36.how do gap junctions work: provide channels for diffusion of solutes between linked cells
37.The side of the epithelium that is exposed to the outside open space inside lumen: apical
38.the side of epithelium that is bound to basement membrane: basolateral
39.in epithelium cells, why does water move from lumen to interstitial fluid?: it follows the flow of the solutes
(Na+)
40.ingestion: intake of food
41.digestion: breakdown of food
42.absoption: pull in nutrients from food
43.metabolism: how cells use the components to make new things
44.excretion: metabolic wastes are excreting body
45.steps of digestion: 1. food is ingested and mechanically digested by chewing and stomach mixing
2.food is then chemically digested by secreted substances (mostly in small intestine)
3. nutrients further digested or altered by symbiotic gut microbiota
4. digested molecules and water are absorbed across gut epithelium via specialized transporter proteins
2/
10
