BI315 Exam 2
1. what do effector neurons do: synapse onto non-neural cells (eg. muscle and glands) that perform some function
2. what do sensory neurons do: carry impulses from the sense organs to the spinal cord and brain
3. Interneurons: neurons that locally process information
4. what pathway do sensory receptors send information to CNS: afferent
5. what pathway does the info from CNS to effectors go: efferent
6. components of CNS: brain and spinal cord
7. components of PNS: cranial nerves and spinal nerves
8. other than brain and spinal cord, what does CNS contain (type of neurons)-
: all interneurons, somatic effector neurons (motor), axons of afferent PNS cells
9. what type of neurons and cells does PNS contain: most of sensory neurons, autonomic effector neurons, axons of
afferent CNS cells
10.enteric neurons effect which body part: gut
11.What is the somatic nervous system?: the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's
skeletal muscles (voluntary)
12.What is the autonomic nervous system?: the part of the nervous system responsible for control of the bodily
functions not consciously directed, such as breathing, the heartbeat, and digestive processes. (involuntary) - smooth and
car- diac muscles, glands
13.What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?: sympathetic and parasympathic
14. What does the sympathetic nervous system do?: fight or flight (inhibits diges- tion, increases heart rate,
constricts blood vessels to kidneys and gut, dilates blood vessels to skeletal muscles, increases BP, stimulates secretion
of nor(epinephrine) by adrenal medulla glands)
15.What does the parasympathetic nervous system do?: rest and digest (stim- ulates digestion, decreases heart rate,
dilates blood vessels, decreases BP)
16.what is the major efferent NT in somatic and parasympathetic NS (different receptor types): ACh
17.what is major efferent NT on sympathetic NS: nor(epinephrine)
18.what are the four lobes of the brain: frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal
19.What does the forebrain consist of?: cerebrum and diencephalon
20. what does the cortex of brain do: sensory processing (somatosensory cortex), voluntary motor output (motor
cortex), cognition, emotional processing
21.What does the diencephalon do: sensory input (thalamus) and homeostasis (hypothalamus)
, BI315 Exam 2
22.where and what does cerebellum do: under temporal lobe; motor center involved in motor learning and real
time adjustments of motor output via sensory feedback
23.what does brainstem consist of: midbrain, pons, medulla
24.what does brainstem do: input/out tracts to and from spinal cord, homeostatic regulation (eg. cardiovascular and
respiratory)
25.how does NS detect and process sensory info: transduction (signal detected and converted into neural activity)
and coding (info in signal conveyed by neural activity)
26.what are receptor potentials: graded potentials initiated in receptor cells by sensory stimulus
27.when does transduction occur: when a sensory stimulus generates a receptor potential in a receptor cell
28.ionotropic transduction ( and include tastes in vertebrates): a stimulus triggers channels to open by direct
action (salty and sour)
29.metabotropic transduction (and include tastes in vertebrates): a stimulus triggers channels to open indirectly
via a second messenger (sweet, bitter, umami taste)
30.what are the major coding strategies in NS: spatial (eg. labeled line), rate, temporal
31.how does spatial coding work: labeled lines: anatomically separate circuits for different types of sensory
information (different pathways for taste, smell, touch etc)
32.what is rate coding: The frequency of action potentials indicates the intensity of a stimulus
33.temporal coding: when exactly is neuron firing
34.what type of coding is happening here: glass probe is poking into skin harder and harder and so action
potentials are firing faster and faster: rate coding
35.what are receptive fields: - Differ in size by location [smaller field (plenty of neurons) for fine touch]
36.what are topographic maps: A representation of sensory systems order spa- tially
37. where is the motor and somatosensory cortex located in brain: motor cortex is closer to frontal lobe and
somatosensory is located closer to parietal
38.why are there lots of neurons coming from hands, lips, mouth, tounge: its evolutionary... we have to be able to
differentiate things in our hands and we also need to have fine movements with our mouth and tongue for speaking
39.What is somatosensation?: sensory information from the body
1. what do effector neurons do: synapse onto non-neural cells (eg. muscle and glands) that perform some function
2. what do sensory neurons do: carry impulses from the sense organs to the spinal cord and brain
3. Interneurons: neurons that locally process information
4. what pathway do sensory receptors send information to CNS: afferent
5. what pathway does the info from CNS to effectors go: efferent
6. components of CNS: brain and spinal cord
7. components of PNS: cranial nerves and spinal nerves
8. other than brain and spinal cord, what does CNS contain (type of neurons)-
: all interneurons, somatic effector neurons (motor), axons of afferent PNS cells
9. what type of neurons and cells does PNS contain: most of sensory neurons, autonomic effector neurons, axons of
afferent CNS cells
10.enteric neurons effect which body part: gut
11.What is the somatic nervous system?: the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's
skeletal muscles (voluntary)
12.What is the autonomic nervous system?: the part of the nervous system responsible for control of the bodily
functions not consciously directed, such as breathing, the heartbeat, and digestive processes. (involuntary) - smooth and
car- diac muscles, glands
13.What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?: sympathetic and parasympathic
14. What does the sympathetic nervous system do?: fight or flight (inhibits diges- tion, increases heart rate,
constricts blood vessels to kidneys and gut, dilates blood vessels to skeletal muscles, increases BP, stimulates secretion
of nor(epinephrine) by adrenal medulla glands)
15.What does the parasympathetic nervous system do?: rest and digest (stim- ulates digestion, decreases heart rate,
dilates blood vessels, decreases BP)
16.what is the major efferent NT in somatic and parasympathetic NS (different receptor types): ACh
17.what is major efferent NT on sympathetic NS: nor(epinephrine)
18.what are the four lobes of the brain: frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal
19.What does the forebrain consist of?: cerebrum and diencephalon
20. what does the cortex of brain do: sensory processing (somatosensory cortex), voluntary motor output (motor
cortex), cognition, emotional processing
21.What does the diencephalon do: sensory input (thalamus) and homeostasis (hypothalamus)
, BI315 Exam 2
22.where and what does cerebellum do: under temporal lobe; motor center involved in motor learning and real
time adjustments of motor output via sensory feedback
23.what does brainstem consist of: midbrain, pons, medulla
24.what does brainstem do: input/out tracts to and from spinal cord, homeostatic regulation (eg. cardiovascular and
respiratory)
25.how does NS detect and process sensory info: transduction (signal detected and converted into neural activity)
and coding (info in signal conveyed by neural activity)
26.what are receptor potentials: graded potentials initiated in receptor cells by sensory stimulus
27.when does transduction occur: when a sensory stimulus generates a receptor potential in a receptor cell
28.ionotropic transduction ( and include tastes in vertebrates): a stimulus triggers channels to open by direct
action (salty and sour)
29.metabotropic transduction (and include tastes in vertebrates): a stimulus triggers channels to open indirectly
via a second messenger (sweet, bitter, umami taste)
30.what are the major coding strategies in NS: spatial (eg. labeled line), rate, temporal
31.how does spatial coding work: labeled lines: anatomically separate circuits for different types of sensory
information (different pathways for taste, smell, touch etc)
32.what is rate coding: The frequency of action potentials indicates the intensity of a stimulus
33.temporal coding: when exactly is neuron firing
34.what type of coding is happening here: glass probe is poking into skin harder and harder and so action
potentials are firing faster and faster: rate coding
35.what are receptive fields: - Differ in size by location [smaller field (plenty of neurons) for fine touch]
36.what are topographic maps: A representation of sensory systems order spa- tially
37. where is the motor and somatosensory cortex located in brain: motor cortex is closer to frontal lobe and
somatosensory is located closer to parietal
38.why are there lots of neurons coming from hands, lips, mouth, tounge: its evolutionary... we have to be able to
differentiate things in our hands and we also need to have fine movements with our mouth and tongue for speaking
39.What is somatosensation?: sensory information from the body
