,DOWNLOAD THE Test Bank for Archaeology and Humanity's Story Brief Introd
d d d d d d d d d d
uction to World Prehistory 2nd Edition Olszewski
d d d d d d
1
Archaeology and Humanity’s Story:
d d d
A Brief Introduction to World Prehistory
d d d d d
Chapter 2: Humanity’s Roots
d d d
Chapter Outline
d
AdWorddaboutdClassification
Timeline:dEarlydHominins
BipedalismdanddthedEarliestdHominins
WhydIsdBipedalismdImportant?
AdvantagesdofdBipedalismdOrigin
sdofdBipedalism
EvolutionarydProcesses
“Cousins”dindthedEarlydHominindLineage
TooldUsedanddManufacture
StonedTools
PeoplingdthedPast:dCulturedindthedPrehistoricdRecord
WhichdHomininsdMadedanddUseddStonedTools
ThedBigdPicture:dOldowandIndustrialdComplex
EarlydHominindCulture
PeoplingdthedPast:dHuntingdversusdScavenging
Summary
Endnote
d
s
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uction to World Prehistory 2nd Edition Olszewski
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Key Terms and Definitions
d d d
Ardipithecusdramidus:dadfossildhominindfromd4.4dmilliondyearsdagodindEastdAfrica,dthisdspeciesdhasd
somedskeletaldfeaturesdindicatingdadtrenddtowarddbipedalismdbutdalsodape-
likedfeaturesdsuchdasdlongdarmsdanddadgraspingdfoot.dSimilardbodydsizedanddreduceddsizedofdthedca
ninesdindmalesdanddfemalesdhasdbeendinterpreteddasdpossibledevidencedfordmonogamousdpair-
bonding,dreduceddaggressiondbetweendmales,danddgreaterdinvestmentdofdmalesdindraisingdoffspri
ng.
Australopithecusdafarensis:dadfossildhomininddatingdbetweend3.7dandd3dmilliondyearsdagodindEastd
Africa.dItdwasdadhabitualdbipeddbutdstilldretaineddthedlongdarmsdanddcurveddfingerdbonesdthatdared
ape-likedtraits.dTheredisdsomedevidencedindicatingdsexualddimorphism.
Australopithecusdafricanus:dadfossildhominindknowndfromdSouthdAfricadindthedintervaldbetweenda
boutd3.3dandd2.5dmilliondyearsdago.dAlthoughditdwasdadhabitualdbiped,dtheredaredsomedfeaturesdofd
thedbigdtoedanddkneedthatdsuggestdthesedareasdofdthedskeletondweredstilldsomewhatdape-
like.dLikedotherdgraciledaustralopiths,ditdalsodhaddlongdarmsdanddcurveddfingerdbones,dindicatingdth
atditdspentdatdleastdsomedofditsdtimedindthedtrees.
Australopithecusdsediba:dadfossildfromdSouthdAfricaddatingdbetweend1.95dandd1.78dmilliondyearsda
go.dItdhasdsomedtypicaldaustralopithdfeaturesdsuchdasdlongdarmsdanddcurveddfingerdbones,dasdwelldas
dadsmalldbraindsize.dHowever,ditsdskeletondalsodshowsdfeaturesdthatdaredmoredlikedthedgenusdHomo,d
suchdasdsmallerdmolars,dlackdofdflaringdcheekdbones,dandditsdbipedaldstructure.
Australopiths:dadgenericdtermdfordthedsubtribedtaxonomicdcategorydofdAustralopithecina;ditdinclu
desdgeneradsuchdasdSahelanthropus,dArdipithecus,dAustralopithecus,danddParanthropus.
Bipedal:dthedusedofdthedlowerdlimbsd(legs)dtodmovedarounddwhendwalkingdordrunning.
Chimpanzee-
humandlastdcommondancestor:dalsodknowndasdthedLCA,disdthedancestordofdbothdhominindanddpani
ndlines.dThedLCAdisdbelieveddtodhavedlivedd6.3d–d5.4dmilliondyearsdago.
FLKd22dSite:dandimportantdarchaeologicaldanddhominindfossildsitedindTanzaniad(Africa)dthatdproduc
eddremainsdofdParanthropusdanddHomodhabilis,dasdwelldasdadwell-
preserveddanimaldbonedassemblagedanddflakeddstonedartifacts.
ForamendMagnum:dthedopeningdindthedskulldwheredthedspinaldcolumndjoinsdthedhead.dThedpositio
ndofdthedforamendmagnumdcandbeduseddtoddeterminedifdadfossildspeciesdwasdadbipeddordadquadrup
ed.
GenedFlow:dandevolutionarydprocessdindwhichdinterbreedingdbetweendneighboringdpopulationsd
allowsdgenesdfromdonedpopulationdtodenterdthedgenedpooldofdanotherdpopulation;doverdgeograp
hicaldspace,dthisdtransmissiondofdgenesdfromdonedgroupdtodanotherdmaintainsdsimilaritydindthedge
neticdstructuredofdpopulationsdthatdaredwidelydseparateddfromdonedanother.
mynursytest.store
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3
Genus:dadtaxonomicdcategorydthatdincludesdalldsimilardspeciesdthatdsharedadcommondancestry.
Hominin:dthedgenericdtermdfordthedtribedtaxonomicdcategorydofdHominini;ditdincludesdhumansdan
ddtheirdancestors.
Hominoidea:dthedsuperfamilydtaxonomicdcategorydthatdincludesdgibbons,dorangutans,dgorillas,dco
mmondchimpanzees/bonobos,danddmoderndhumansdanddtheirdancestors.
Homodhabilis:dthedslightlydlargerdbraindsizedofdthisdfossildspeciesdfromdEastdAfricadleddLouisdLeakeyd
todplaceditdindthedgenusdHomod(ourdgenus)dratherdthandthatdofdAustralopithecus.dHowever,ditdhasd
somedape-likedfeaturesdsuchdasdlongdarmsdanddcurveddfingerdbones.
Homodsapiens:dthedgenusdanddspeciesdnamedfordskeletallydmoderndhumans,dwhodfirstdappeareddi
ndAfricad195,000dyearsdago;dmovementdoutdofdAfricadbydsomedgroupsdbeginsdshortlydbefored100,
000dyearsdago.dPeopledlivingdtodaydaredmembersdofdHomodsapiensd(sometimesdshowndasdHomod
sapiensdsapiensdtoddistinguishdskeletallydmoderndhumansdfromdNeandertals).
Laetoli:dadsitedindTanzaniadthatdyieldeddAustralopithecusdafarensisdfossilsdasdwelldasdadtraildofdfossil
izeddfootprintsdattributeddtodAustralopithecusdafarensis.
Lomekwian:dThedEarlydStonedAgedperiod,ddatingdtod3.3dmilliondyearsdago,dwithdtoolsdincludingdcore
s,dflakes,dstonedanvils,danddpercussors.dThedperioddisdnameddfordthedsitedofdLomekwid3dKenya.
Megadont:dtermdoftenduseddtoddescribedthedenormousdmolardteethdofdmostdaustralopithdspecie
s,dsuchdasdAustralopithecusdafarensis,dAu.dafricanus,danddspeciesdofdParanthropus.
Miocene:dadgeologicaldepochdfromdaboutd23dtod5dmilliondyearsdago.dThedfirstdhomininsdappeardind
AfricadduringdthedlatedMiocene.
MosaicdEvolution:drepresentsdadsituationdindwhichdnaturaldselectiondactsdatddifferentdratesdofdcha
ngedondvariousdpartsdofdthedbody.dOnedexampledindthedhomininsdisdthedcombinationdofdhabitualdbi
pedalismdwithdape-
likedlongdarmsdanddcurveddfingerdbones.dIndthisdcase,dnaturaldselectiondacteddearlierdondstructural
dchangesdleadingdtodbipedalismdthanditddiddondstructuraldchangesdtodthedarmdanddhand.
Mutation:dchangesdindgeneticdmaterialdfounddindgenes;dmostdofdthesedareddisadvantageousdandda
redsubjectdtodnegativedselectiondsodthatdtheydaredquicklydremoveddfromdthedgenedpooldofdadpopul
ation.dAdfewdmutationsdaredadvantageousdanddaredsubjectdtodpositivedselection,dfordexample,dmu
tationsdindthedFOXP2dgenedthatdaredusefuldfordlanguagedindhumans.
NaturaldSelection:drefersdtodadmajordprincipledofdevolutiond(sometimesdcalleddDarwiniandevolutio
n)dthatdisdbaseddondthedindividualsdwhodaredbestdadapteddtodandenvironmentdhavingdthe
mynursytest.store
d d d d d d d d d d
uction to World Prehistory 2nd Edition Olszewski
d d d d d d
1
Archaeology and Humanity’s Story:
d d d
A Brief Introduction to World Prehistory
d d d d d
Chapter 2: Humanity’s Roots
d d d
Chapter Outline
d
AdWorddaboutdClassification
Timeline:dEarlydHominins
BipedalismdanddthedEarliestdHominins
WhydIsdBipedalismdImportant?
AdvantagesdofdBipedalismdOrigin
sdofdBipedalism
EvolutionarydProcesses
“Cousins”dindthedEarlydHominindLineage
TooldUsedanddManufacture
StonedTools
PeoplingdthedPast:dCulturedindthedPrehistoricdRecord
WhichdHomininsdMadedanddUseddStonedTools
ThedBigdPicture:dOldowandIndustrialdComplex
EarlydHominindCulture
PeoplingdthedPast:dHuntingdversusdScavenging
Summary
Endnote
d
s
mynursytest.store
,DOWNLOAD THE Test Bank for Archaeology and Humanity's Story Brief Introd
d d d d d d d d d d
uction to World Prehistory 2nd Edition Olszewski
d d d d d d
2
Key Terms and Definitions
d d d
Ardipithecusdramidus:dadfossildhominindfromd4.4dmilliondyearsdagodindEastdAfrica,dthisdspeciesdhasd
somedskeletaldfeaturesdindicatingdadtrenddtowarddbipedalismdbutdalsodape-
likedfeaturesdsuchdasdlongdarmsdanddadgraspingdfoot.dSimilardbodydsizedanddreduceddsizedofdthedca
ninesdindmalesdanddfemalesdhasdbeendinterpreteddasdpossibledevidencedfordmonogamousdpair-
bonding,dreduceddaggressiondbetweendmales,danddgreaterdinvestmentdofdmalesdindraisingdoffspri
ng.
Australopithecusdafarensis:dadfossildhomininddatingdbetweend3.7dandd3dmilliondyearsdagodindEastd
Africa.dItdwasdadhabitualdbipeddbutdstilldretaineddthedlongdarmsdanddcurveddfingerdbonesdthatdared
ape-likedtraits.dTheredisdsomedevidencedindicatingdsexualddimorphism.
Australopithecusdafricanus:dadfossildhominindknowndfromdSouthdAfricadindthedintervaldbetweenda
boutd3.3dandd2.5dmilliondyearsdago.dAlthoughditdwasdadhabitualdbiped,dtheredaredsomedfeaturesdofd
thedbigdtoedanddkneedthatdsuggestdthesedareasdofdthedskeletondweredstilldsomewhatdape-
like.dLikedotherdgraciledaustralopiths,ditdalsodhaddlongdarmsdanddcurveddfingerdbones,dindicatingdth
atditdspentdatdleastdsomedofditsdtimedindthedtrees.
Australopithecusdsediba:dadfossildfromdSouthdAfricaddatingdbetweend1.95dandd1.78dmilliondyearsda
go.dItdhasdsomedtypicaldaustralopithdfeaturesdsuchdasdlongdarmsdanddcurveddfingerdbones,dasdwelldas
dadsmalldbraindsize.dHowever,ditsdskeletondalsodshowsdfeaturesdthatdaredmoredlikedthedgenusdHomo,d
suchdasdsmallerdmolars,dlackdofdflaringdcheekdbones,dandditsdbipedaldstructure.
Australopiths:dadgenericdtermdfordthedsubtribedtaxonomicdcategorydofdAustralopithecina;ditdinclu
desdgeneradsuchdasdSahelanthropus,dArdipithecus,dAustralopithecus,danddParanthropus.
Bipedal:dthedusedofdthedlowerdlimbsd(legs)dtodmovedarounddwhendwalkingdordrunning.
Chimpanzee-
humandlastdcommondancestor:dalsodknowndasdthedLCA,disdthedancestordofdbothdhominindanddpani
ndlines.dThedLCAdisdbelieveddtodhavedlivedd6.3d–d5.4dmilliondyearsdago.
FLKd22dSite:dandimportantdarchaeologicaldanddhominindfossildsitedindTanzaniad(Africa)dthatdproduc
eddremainsdofdParanthropusdanddHomodhabilis,dasdwelldasdadwell-
preserveddanimaldbonedassemblagedanddflakeddstonedartifacts.
ForamendMagnum:dthedopeningdindthedskulldwheredthedspinaldcolumndjoinsdthedhead.dThedpositio
ndofdthedforamendmagnumdcandbeduseddtoddeterminedifdadfossildspeciesdwasdadbipeddordadquadrup
ed.
GenedFlow:dandevolutionarydprocessdindwhichdinterbreedingdbetweendneighboringdpopulationsd
allowsdgenesdfromdonedpopulationdtodenterdthedgenedpooldofdanotherdpopulation;doverdgeograp
hicaldspace,dthisdtransmissiondofdgenesdfromdonedgroupdtodanotherdmaintainsdsimilaritydindthedge
neticdstructuredofdpopulationsdthatdaredwidelydseparateddfromdonedanother.
mynursytest.store
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d d d d d d d d d d
uction to World Prehistory 2nd Edition Olszewski
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3
Genus:dadtaxonomicdcategorydthatdincludesdalldsimilardspeciesdthatdsharedadcommondancestry.
Hominin:dthedgenericdtermdfordthedtribedtaxonomicdcategorydofdHominini;ditdincludesdhumansdan
ddtheirdancestors.
Hominoidea:dthedsuperfamilydtaxonomicdcategorydthatdincludesdgibbons,dorangutans,dgorillas,dco
mmondchimpanzees/bonobos,danddmoderndhumansdanddtheirdancestors.
Homodhabilis:dthedslightlydlargerdbraindsizedofdthisdfossildspeciesdfromdEastdAfricadleddLouisdLeakeyd
todplaceditdindthedgenusdHomod(ourdgenus)dratherdthandthatdofdAustralopithecus.dHowever,ditdhasd
somedape-likedfeaturesdsuchdasdlongdarmsdanddcurveddfingerdbones.
Homodsapiens:dthedgenusdanddspeciesdnamedfordskeletallydmoderndhumans,dwhodfirstdappeareddi
ndAfricad195,000dyearsdago;dmovementdoutdofdAfricadbydsomedgroupsdbeginsdshortlydbefored100,
000dyearsdago.dPeopledlivingdtodaydaredmembersdofdHomodsapiensd(sometimesdshowndasdHomod
sapiensdsapiensdtoddistinguishdskeletallydmoderndhumansdfromdNeandertals).
Laetoli:dadsitedindTanzaniadthatdyieldeddAustralopithecusdafarensisdfossilsdasdwelldasdadtraildofdfossil
izeddfootprintsdattributeddtodAustralopithecusdafarensis.
Lomekwian:dThedEarlydStonedAgedperiod,ddatingdtod3.3dmilliondyearsdago,dwithdtoolsdincludingdcore
s,dflakes,dstonedanvils,danddpercussors.dThedperioddisdnameddfordthedsitedofdLomekwid3dKenya.
Megadont:dtermdoftenduseddtoddescribedthedenormousdmolardteethdofdmostdaustralopithdspecie
s,dsuchdasdAustralopithecusdafarensis,dAu.dafricanus,danddspeciesdofdParanthropus.
Miocene:dadgeologicaldepochdfromdaboutd23dtod5dmilliondyearsdago.dThedfirstdhomininsdappeardind
AfricadduringdthedlatedMiocene.
MosaicdEvolution:drepresentsdadsituationdindwhichdnaturaldselectiondactsdatddifferentdratesdofdcha
ngedondvariousdpartsdofdthedbody.dOnedexampledindthedhomininsdisdthedcombinationdofdhabitualdbi
pedalismdwithdape-
likedlongdarmsdanddcurveddfingerdbones.dIndthisdcase,dnaturaldselectiondacteddearlierdondstructural
dchangesdleadingdtodbipedalismdthanditddiddondstructuraldchangesdtodthedarmdanddhand.
Mutation:dchangesdindgeneticdmaterialdfounddindgenes;dmostdofdthesedareddisadvantageousdandda
redsubjectdtodnegativedselectiondsodthatdtheydaredquicklydremoveddfromdthedgenedpooldofdadpopul
ation.dAdfewdmutationsdaredadvantageousdanddaredsubjectdtodpositivedselection,dfordexample,dmu
tationsdindthedFOXP2dgenedthatdaredusefuldfordlanguagedindhumans.
NaturaldSelection:drefersdtodadmajordprincipledofdevolutiond(sometimesdcalleddDarwiniandevolutio
n)dthatdisdbaseddondthedindividualsdwhodaredbestdadapteddtodandenvironmentdhavingdthe
mynursytest.store
