1. Question:
Which of the following cellular adaptations is most likely to occur in the
myocardial cells of a patient with long-standing hypertension?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Dysplasia
C. Hypertrophy
D. Atrophy
Answer: C. Hypertrophy
Rationale: Chronic hypertension increases the workload of the heart,
leading to hypertrophy (enlargement) of myocardial cells to
compensate for the increased demand. Hyperplasia does not occur in
myocardial cells as they are not capable of mitotic division. Dysplasia
refers to abnormal cell growth, often precancerous, and atrophy refers
to a decrease in cell size, which is not typically associated with
hypertension.
2. Question:
A patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is at risk
for respiratory acidosis. Which compensatory mechanism is most likely
to occur?
A. Increased renal excretion of bicarbonate
B. Increased respiratory rate
C. Increased renal reabsorption of bicarbonate
D. Decreased hydrogen ion secretion
Answer: C. Increased renal reabsorption of bicarbonate
Rationale: In respiratory acidosis, the body compensates by increasing
renal reabsorption of bicarbonate and excretion of hydrogen ions to
buffer the excess CO2.
,3. Question:
What is the primary cause of the edema associated with nephrotic
syndrome?
A. Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
B. Decreased plasma oncotic pressure
C. Increased capillary permeability
D. Lymphatic obstruction
Answer: B. Decreased plasma oncotic pressure
Rationale: Nephrotic syndrome results in significant protein loss
through the urine (proteinuria), leading to hypoalbuminemia and a
reduction in plasma oncotic pressure, which contributes to fluid
accumulation in tissues (edema).
4. Question:
Which of the following is a hallmark of acute inflammation?
A. Granuloma formation
B. Fibrosis
C. Neutrophil infiltration
D. Angiogenesis
Answer: C. Neutrophil infiltration
Rationale: Acute inflammation is characterized by the rapid influx of
neutrophils to the site of injury or infection. Chronic inflammation, on
the other hand, involves granuloma formation, fibrosis, and
angiogenesis.
5. Question:
, A 60-year-old male with liver cirrhosis develops jaundice. What is the
primary pathophysiological mechanism for this condition?
A. Increased breakdown of hemoglobin
B. Decreased conjugation of bilirubin
C. Increased synthesis of bile acids
D. Enhanced excretion of bilirubin
Answer: B. Decreased conjugation of bilirubin
Rationale: In liver cirrhosis, the liver's ability to conjugate bilirubin is
impaired, leading to an accumulation of unconjugated bilirubin in the
blood, resulting in jaundice.
6. Question:
Which electrolyte disturbance is most commonly associated with
diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?
A. Hypercalcemia
B. Hypokalemia
C. Hypernatremia
D. Hyperkalemia
Answer: D. Hyperkalemia
Rationale: In DKA, insulin deficiency and acidosis cause potassium to
shift from intracellular to extracellular compartments, leading to
hyperkalemia, even though total body potassium may be depleted due
to urinary losses.
7. Question:
What is the primary pathophysiological feature of Parkinson’s disease?
A. Demyelination of peripheral nerves
Which of the following cellular adaptations is most likely to occur in the
myocardial cells of a patient with long-standing hypertension?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Dysplasia
C. Hypertrophy
D. Atrophy
Answer: C. Hypertrophy
Rationale: Chronic hypertension increases the workload of the heart,
leading to hypertrophy (enlargement) of myocardial cells to
compensate for the increased demand. Hyperplasia does not occur in
myocardial cells as they are not capable of mitotic division. Dysplasia
refers to abnormal cell growth, often precancerous, and atrophy refers
to a decrease in cell size, which is not typically associated with
hypertension.
2. Question:
A patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is at risk
for respiratory acidosis. Which compensatory mechanism is most likely
to occur?
A. Increased renal excretion of bicarbonate
B. Increased respiratory rate
C. Increased renal reabsorption of bicarbonate
D. Decreased hydrogen ion secretion
Answer: C. Increased renal reabsorption of bicarbonate
Rationale: In respiratory acidosis, the body compensates by increasing
renal reabsorption of bicarbonate and excretion of hydrogen ions to
buffer the excess CO2.
,3. Question:
What is the primary cause of the edema associated with nephrotic
syndrome?
A. Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
B. Decreased plasma oncotic pressure
C. Increased capillary permeability
D. Lymphatic obstruction
Answer: B. Decreased plasma oncotic pressure
Rationale: Nephrotic syndrome results in significant protein loss
through the urine (proteinuria), leading to hypoalbuminemia and a
reduction in plasma oncotic pressure, which contributes to fluid
accumulation in tissues (edema).
4. Question:
Which of the following is a hallmark of acute inflammation?
A. Granuloma formation
B. Fibrosis
C. Neutrophil infiltration
D. Angiogenesis
Answer: C. Neutrophil infiltration
Rationale: Acute inflammation is characterized by the rapid influx of
neutrophils to the site of injury or infection. Chronic inflammation, on
the other hand, involves granuloma formation, fibrosis, and
angiogenesis.
5. Question:
, A 60-year-old male with liver cirrhosis develops jaundice. What is the
primary pathophysiological mechanism for this condition?
A. Increased breakdown of hemoglobin
B. Decreased conjugation of bilirubin
C. Increased synthesis of bile acids
D. Enhanced excretion of bilirubin
Answer: B. Decreased conjugation of bilirubin
Rationale: In liver cirrhosis, the liver's ability to conjugate bilirubin is
impaired, leading to an accumulation of unconjugated bilirubin in the
blood, resulting in jaundice.
6. Question:
Which electrolyte disturbance is most commonly associated with
diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?
A. Hypercalcemia
B. Hypokalemia
C. Hypernatremia
D. Hyperkalemia
Answer: D. Hyperkalemia
Rationale: In DKA, insulin deficiency and acidosis cause potassium to
shift from intracellular to extracellular compartments, leading to
hyperkalemia, even though total body potassium may be depleted due
to urinary losses.
7. Question:
What is the primary pathophysiological feature of Parkinson’s disease?
A. Demyelination of peripheral nerves
