PHARMACOGNOSY PART B QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT
ANSWERS
1.Why infections caused by multidrug resistance bacteria are becoming
a problem: emergence and propagation of microbial drug resistance
lack of development of new antimicrobials
traditional methods of antimicrobial discovery have failed to keep pace
with the evolution of resistance
2.antineoplastics and herbals have borrowed heavily from: herbals
3.synthetic medicines:
cheaper reliable
resistance develops rapidly
4.alkaloids: heterocyclic nitrogen compounds
5.accumulates in cells driven by membrane potential and is an excellent
DNA intercalator that is active on several organisms: berberine
6.terpenes are also referred to as: isoprenoids
7.terpenoids: terpene derivatives containing additional elements usually
oxygen
8.an example of terpenoid: capsaicin
9.antibacterial activity of terpenoids: membrane disruption by the
lipophilic com- pounds
10.examples of terpenes:
artemisinin linalool
limonene
alpha-
pinene
thymol
eugenol
11.the first medically useful example of an alkaloid: morphine
12.protect the plant from microbial infections: phenolic compounds
13.examples of phenolic compounds:
catechol pyrrogallol
cinnamic acid
14.phenolic compounds:
antiinfectives antioxidant
properties
15.phenolic compounds incle:
flavones flavonoids
,flavonols
quinones
tannins
coumarins
polymeric phenolic substances
16.flavonoids are commonly found in:
fruit vegetables
nuts
seeds
stems
flower
s tea
wine
propoli
s
honey
17.the basic structure of flavonoid componds is: flavane
nucleus; two benzene rings linked through a heterocyclic
pyrane ring
18.examples of flavonoids:
quercetin epigallocatechingallate
lichocalcones A and C
19.antibacterial property of flavonoids: ability to form complexes with
both extra- cellular and soluble proteins as well as with bacterial
membranes
are also able to inhibit energy metabolism
20.flavones antibacterial property: possibility to disrupt bacterial envelope
inactivation of specific bacterial enzymes
21.catechins are found in?:
tea Camelia sinensis
22.catechins antibacterial activity: form complexes with the bacterial cell
wall and are active on intestinal microbes
23.quinones antibacterial property: provide a source of stable free
radicals and irreversibly complex with nucleophilic amino acids in
microbial proteins determining their loss of function
24.quinones include:
juglone plumbagin
, hypericin
25.anthraquinones antibacterial activity: have a large spectrum of
antibacterial activity
26. anthraquinone mechanism of antibacterial activity: inactivation and loss
of function of bacterial proteins such as adhesins, cell wall polypeptides
and membrane bound enzymes consequently leading to the death of the
microbe
27.polymeric phenolic substances: tannins
28.tannins antibacterial activity: inactivation of bacterial adhesins, cell
envelope and transport proteins
29.hydrolyzed and condensed tannins are obtained from?: flavonols
30.hydrolysable and condensed tannins are called: proanthocyanidins
31.proanthocyanidins exert their antimicrobial activity to inhibit?: inhibit
the growth of urogenic pathogenic E.coli
32.saponins are derived from?: steroids or triterpenoid glycosides
33.how do saponins act on microbial cells: by permeabilization of the
membrane
34.saponins are found in?: solanum
35.Glucosinolates: are secondary metabolites that contain a sulphur and
nitrogen
36.glucosinolates are mainly found in the?: brassicaceae family
37.glucosinolates that show antimicrobial activity:
sinigrin glucoiberverine
glucoiberin
glucoerucin
38.antimicrobial compounds from nature:
alkaloids terpenes
polyphenolic/ phenols ; flavonoids, flavones, quinones ;
tannins saponins
glucosinolates
39.coumarins are composed of?: benzene and alpha pyrone
example; warfarin
40.coumarins antibacterial activity: stimulate macrophages which has a
direct negative effect on infections
41.hydroxycinnamic acids: related to coumarins
seem to be inhibitory to gram positive bacteria
, 42.Phytoalexins: hydroxylated derivatives of coumarin
produced in carrots in response to fungal infection
presumed to have antifungal activity
43.antibiotic: any compound that kills or inhibits the growth of a bacteria
44.most antibiotics used clinically are: either produced naturally or
resemble natural products
45.polyketides: tetracycline
46.Phenylpropanoids: chloramphenicol
ANSWERS
1.Why infections caused by multidrug resistance bacteria are becoming
a problem: emergence and propagation of microbial drug resistance
lack of development of new antimicrobials
traditional methods of antimicrobial discovery have failed to keep pace
with the evolution of resistance
2.antineoplastics and herbals have borrowed heavily from: herbals
3.synthetic medicines:
cheaper reliable
resistance develops rapidly
4.alkaloids: heterocyclic nitrogen compounds
5.accumulates in cells driven by membrane potential and is an excellent
DNA intercalator that is active on several organisms: berberine
6.terpenes are also referred to as: isoprenoids
7.terpenoids: terpene derivatives containing additional elements usually
oxygen
8.an example of terpenoid: capsaicin
9.antibacterial activity of terpenoids: membrane disruption by the
lipophilic com- pounds
10.examples of terpenes:
artemisinin linalool
limonene
alpha-
pinene
thymol
eugenol
11.the first medically useful example of an alkaloid: morphine
12.protect the plant from microbial infections: phenolic compounds
13.examples of phenolic compounds:
catechol pyrrogallol
cinnamic acid
14.phenolic compounds:
antiinfectives antioxidant
properties
15.phenolic compounds incle:
flavones flavonoids
,flavonols
quinones
tannins
coumarins
polymeric phenolic substances
16.flavonoids are commonly found in:
fruit vegetables
nuts
seeds
stems
flower
s tea
wine
propoli
s
honey
17.the basic structure of flavonoid componds is: flavane
nucleus; two benzene rings linked through a heterocyclic
pyrane ring
18.examples of flavonoids:
quercetin epigallocatechingallate
lichocalcones A and C
19.antibacterial property of flavonoids: ability to form complexes with
both extra- cellular and soluble proteins as well as with bacterial
membranes
are also able to inhibit energy metabolism
20.flavones antibacterial property: possibility to disrupt bacterial envelope
inactivation of specific bacterial enzymes
21.catechins are found in?:
tea Camelia sinensis
22.catechins antibacterial activity: form complexes with the bacterial cell
wall and are active on intestinal microbes
23.quinones antibacterial property: provide a source of stable free
radicals and irreversibly complex with nucleophilic amino acids in
microbial proteins determining their loss of function
24.quinones include:
juglone plumbagin
, hypericin
25.anthraquinones antibacterial activity: have a large spectrum of
antibacterial activity
26. anthraquinone mechanism of antibacterial activity: inactivation and loss
of function of bacterial proteins such as adhesins, cell wall polypeptides
and membrane bound enzymes consequently leading to the death of the
microbe
27.polymeric phenolic substances: tannins
28.tannins antibacterial activity: inactivation of bacterial adhesins, cell
envelope and transport proteins
29.hydrolyzed and condensed tannins are obtained from?: flavonols
30.hydrolysable and condensed tannins are called: proanthocyanidins
31.proanthocyanidins exert their antimicrobial activity to inhibit?: inhibit
the growth of urogenic pathogenic E.coli
32.saponins are derived from?: steroids or triterpenoid glycosides
33.how do saponins act on microbial cells: by permeabilization of the
membrane
34.saponins are found in?: solanum
35.Glucosinolates: are secondary metabolites that contain a sulphur and
nitrogen
36.glucosinolates are mainly found in the?: brassicaceae family
37.glucosinolates that show antimicrobial activity:
sinigrin glucoiberverine
glucoiberin
glucoerucin
38.antimicrobial compounds from nature:
alkaloids terpenes
polyphenolic/ phenols ; flavonoids, flavones, quinones ;
tannins saponins
glucosinolates
39.coumarins are composed of?: benzene and alpha pyrone
example; warfarin
40.coumarins antibacterial activity: stimulate macrophages which has a
direct negative effect on infections
41.hydroxycinnamic acids: related to coumarins
seem to be inhibitory to gram positive bacteria
, 42.Phytoalexins: hydroxylated derivatives of coumarin
produced in carrots in response to fungal infection
presumed to have antifungal activity
43.antibiotic: any compound that kills or inhibits the growth of a bacteria
44.most antibiotics used clinically are: either produced naturally or
resemble natural products
45.polyketides: tetracycline
46.Phenylpropanoids: chloramphenicol
