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d d d d d d d d d
Developmental Biology Exam 1
d d d Name
Thisdexamdisdad“takedhomedexam,”danddyoudmaydusedanydmaterialsdyoudwish.dYoudmaydstu
dydwithdyourdpeers,dbutdyoudarednotdalloweddtodworkdwithdanydotherdindividualdondthedspecif
icdquestionsdofdthesedexams.dYourdsubmitteddresponsedmustdbedyourdowndoriginaldwor
k.
SolicitationdfromdthedEmergencydInternationaldSciencedFund:
“Thedgermdcelldorigindofdlifedtodsavedthedraindforestd(anddus).”
ThedrecentdincreasedinddeforestationdofdthedAmazondraindforestdhasdraiseddawarenessdtoditsdi
mpactdondglobaldwarmingdasdwelldasdtodtheddecliningddiversificationdofdspeciesdondthisdplan
etd(Figured1).dTheredisdsignificantdconcerndthatdevendaquaticdspeciesdofdthedAmazondRiverd
willdbedseverelydimpacted.dIndandeffortdtodraisedglobaldawarenessdtodthesedproblems,dseveral
dexpeditionsdtodthedAmazondrainforestdindBrazildhavedsoughtdtoddiscoverdnewdspeciesdindthe
dhopesdtodeducatedanddconvincedworlddleadersdthatdthisdisdandessentialdtreasuredrequiringdpr
otection—
bothdtodcombatdglobaldwarmingdanddpotentiallydidentifydnewdmedicinaldtherapies.
Figured1dLocationsdofdfires,dmarkeddindorange,ddetecteddbydMODISdfromdAugustd15dtod Augustd22,d2
019.
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,DOWNLOAD THE Test Bank for Developmental Biology 12th Edition Barresi
d d d d d d d d d
Consider the Following Scenario:
d d d
AdrecentdexplorationdbydecologistsdtodthedAmazondrainforestdandditsdriverdbasinduncovereddadnewds
peciesdofdfrogdthatdisdunlikedanydotherdvertebratedspecies.dThisdeasilydoverlooked,dwell-
dcamouflageddspeciesdisdaduniqued“taileddfrog”dspecies.dThedretentiondofditsdtaildwasdwhatdcaughtdth
edeyesdofdthesedscientists.dThedmaintaineddtailsdofdsuchdfrogdspeciesdhavedbeendknowndtodplaydadrol
edindtheirdreproductivedstrategies.dTodinvestigatedthisdfurtherdindthedhopesdtodgarnerdendangereddspe
ciesdprotections,dthedDevelopmentaldBiologydlaboratorydofdMigueldAllendedfromdthedUniversitydof
dChiledwasdenlisted.dThedAllendedlabdhasdlongdbeendinteresteddindthedprocessesdofdregenerationdand
dfordadfrogdspeciesdtodretainditsdtail,draiseddquestionsdaboutdwhetherditdmaydactuallydalsodmaintaindit
sdregenerativedpotentialdpost-metamorphosis,dwhichdwoulddbedaduniquedfinding.
Interestingly,dadroutinedimmunocytochemistrydfordstemdcelldmarkersdondadpreserveddfrogdofdthisdspec
iesdproduceddadstrangedfinding:dThedoct4dprimordialdgermdcelld(pgc)dmarkerdwasdexpresseddindwhatda
ppeareddtodbedadsmalldsubsetdofdstemdcells,dbutdindstemdcellsdfromdeverydtissuedexamined!
Meaningdindadditiondtodthedgermdcellsdofdthisdfrog’sdgonads,deachdtissue’sdstemdcelldnichedhouseddthes
edsamedpgc-likedstemdcells—muscle,dgut,dbrain,dbonedmarrow…dalldofdthem!
Thisdfindingdhasdspurreddthedcontroversialdquestiondofdwhetherdthisdfrogdcoulddprovidedthedevidenc
edthatdthedgermdcelldisdpotentiallydpluripotentdanddpotentiallydthedtruedimmortaldcelldtodthedpointdofd
beingdrelateddtodthedchoanoflagellate,dfromdwhichdalldmetazoandlifedoriginates.d Now,d thatdwouldd
bedadfrogdworthdsaving,dadfrogdthatdcoulddconvincedthedworld’sdleadersdthatdthisdrainforestdisdworthd
protectingdasditdisdharboringdthedmissingdlinkdtodourdpastdanddpotentiallydtodnewdcell-
baseddtherapiesdfordregenerativedmedicine.
Exciteddbydthedimportancedofdthisdfrogdspecies,dnowdnamedd“choanofrog,”dthedAllendedlabdwasdaw
ardeddadgrantdfromdthedemergencydinternationaldsciencedfund.dYoudaredthednewdpostdoctoraldfello
wdjustdhireddbydDr.dAllende’sdlaboratorydrightdindthedmiddledofdthisddiscovery.dWhatdaredyoudgoingd
toddodtodprovedbothdthedevolutionarydrelatednessdofdthesedpgc-
likedcellsdtodancestraldmetazoansdandddemonstratedthedtherapeuticdpotentialdofdthesedcells?
Exam Questions
d
1. Testdthedhypothesisdthatdeachdofdthedpgc-
likedstemdcellsdfounddacrossdalldtheddifferentdtissuesd possessdthedsamedidentity.
A. Howdwoulddyoudapproachdtestingdthedrelatednessdofdthesedstemdcells?
B. Whatdwoulddyoudpredictdtodfinddfromdyourdproposeddexperimentalddesign?
C. Assumingdthesedpgc-
likedstemdcellsdprovedtodbedrelated,dthendmakedadproposaldfordaddevelopmentaldmechan
ismdbydwhichdeachdstemdcelldnichedbecamedpopulateddwithdthedsamedresidentdpgc-
likedstemdcell,dyetdalsodcapabledofdgeneratingdveryddifferentdcelldtypedderivatives.
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d d d d d d d d d
2. Provedthedrelatednessdofdthesedpgc-
likedstemdcellsdtodpluripotentdcellsdacrossdthedmetazoandtreedofdlife.
A. Howdwoulddyoudapproachdtestingdthedrelatednessdofdthesedpgc-
likedstemdcellsdtodpluripotentdstemdcellsdacrossdspeciesdanddperhapsdevendtodtheda
ncestraldchoanoflagellates?
3. Describedhowdyoudmightdleveragedtheduniqued(anddpresumed)dpluripotencydofdthesedpgc-
likedstemdcellsdtodcuredadspecificdhumanddisease?
Exam Guidelines
d
Thedmoreddetaildyoudprovide,dthedeasierditdwilldbedtodjudgedthedthoroughnessdanddaccuracydofdyourdans
wer.d Superficialitydanddvaguenessdwilldresultdindlossdofdpoints.
Yourdideasdshoulddbedsupporteddwithdexamplesdfromdthedcontentdcovereddindclass,dfromdthedtextbo
okdand/ordfromdreadingsdassigneddduringdthisdunit.dItdisdnotdnecessarydtodconductdliteraturedresearch
dfordadditionaldarticlesdtodsupportdyourdclaims.
Drawingsdaredwelcomedd(butdnotdrequired).
Extra Credit
d
Writedadcreativedanddcompellingdparagraphdasdtodwhydthedchoanofrogdshoulddbedprotecteddanddthusdsu
pportdthedpreventiondofdanydfurtherddeforestationdofdthedAmazondrainforest.
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d d d d d d d d d
Developmental Biology Exam 1
d d d Name
Thisdexamdisdad“takedhomedexam,”danddyoudmaydusedanydmaterialsdyoudwish.dYoudmaydstu
dydwithdyourdpeers,dbutdyoudarednotdalloweddtodworkdwithdanydotherdindividualdondthedspecif
icdquestionsdofdthesedexams.dYourdsubmitteddresponsedmustdbedyourdowndoriginaldwor
k.
SolicitationdfromdthedEmergencydInternationaldSciencedFund:
“Thedgermdcelldorigindofdlifedtodsavedthedraindforestd(anddus).”
ThedrecentdincreasedinddeforestationdofdthedAmazondraindforestdhasdraiseddawarenessdtoditsdi
mpactdondglobaldwarmingdasdwelldasdtodtheddecliningddiversificationdofdspeciesdondthisdplan
etd(Figured1).dTheredisdsignificantdconcerndthatdevendaquaticdspeciesdofdthedAmazondRiverd
willdbedseverelydimpacted.dIndandeffortdtodraisedglobaldawarenessdtodthesedproblems,dseveral
dexpeditionsdtodthedAmazondrainforestdindBrazildhavedsoughtdtoddiscoverdnewdspeciesdindthe
dhopesdtodeducatedanddconvincedworlddleadersdthatdthisdisdandessentialdtreasuredrequiringdpr
otection—
bothdtodcombatdglobaldwarmingdanddpotentiallydidentifydnewdmedicinaldtherapies.
Figured1dLocationsdofdfires,dmarkeddindorange,ddetecteddbydMODISdfromdAugustd15dtod Augustd22,d2
019.
mynursytest.store
,DOWNLOAD THE Test Bank for Developmental Biology 12th Edition Barresi
d d d d d d d d d
Consider the Following Scenario:
d d d
AdrecentdexplorationdbydecologistsdtodthedAmazondrainforestdandditsdriverdbasinduncovereddadnewds
peciesdofdfrogdthatdisdunlikedanydotherdvertebratedspecies.dThisdeasilydoverlooked,dwell-
dcamouflageddspeciesdisdaduniqued“taileddfrog”dspecies.dThedretentiondofditsdtaildwasdwhatdcaughtdth
edeyesdofdthesedscientists.dThedmaintaineddtailsdofdsuchdfrogdspeciesdhavedbeendknowndtodplaydadrol
edindtheirdreproductivedstrategies.dTodinvestigatedthisdfurtherdindthedhopesdtodgarnerdendangereddspe
ciesdprotections,dthedDevelopmentaldBiologydlaboratorydofdMigueldAllendedfromdthedUniversitydof
dChiledwasdenlisted.dThedAllendedlabdhasdlongdbeendinteresteddindthedprocessesdofdregenerationdand
dfordadfrogdspeciesdtodretainditsdtail,draiseddquestionsdaboutdwhetherditdmaydactuallydalsodmaintaindit
sdregenerativedpotentialdpost-metamorphosis,dwhichdwoulddbedaduniquedfinding.
Interestingly,dadroutinedimmunocytochemistrydfordstemdcelldmarkersdondadpreserveddfrogdofdthisdspec
iesdproduceddadstrangedfinding:dThedoct4dprimordialdgermdcelld(pgc)dmarkerdwasdexpresseddindwhatda
ppeareddtodbedadsmalldsubsetdofdstemdcells,dbutdindstemdcellsdfromdeverydtissuedexamined!
Meaningdindadditiondtodthedgermdcellsdofdthisdfrog’sdgonads,deachdtissue’sdstemdcelldnichedhouseddthes
edsamedpgc-likedstemdcells—muscle,dgut,dbrain,dbonedmarrow…dalldofdthem!
Thisdfindingdhasdspurreddthedcontroversialdquestiondofdwhetherdthisdfrogdcoulddprovidedthedevidenc
edthatdthedgermdcelldisdpotentiallydpluripotentdanddpotentiallydthedtruedimmortaldcelldtodthedpointdofd
beingdrelateddtodthedchoanoflagellate,dfromdwhichdalldmetazoandlifedoriginates.d Now,d thatdwouldd
bedadfrogdworthdsaving,dadfrogdthatdcoulddconvincedthedworld’sdleadersdthatdthisdrainforestdisdworthd
protectingdasditdisdharboringdthedmissingdlinkdtodourdpastdanddpotentiallydtodnewdcell-
baseddtherapiesdfordregenerativedmedicine.
Exciteddbydthedimportancedofdthisdfrogdspecies,dnowdnamedd“choanofrog,”dthedAllendedlabdwasdaw
ardeddadgrantdfromdthedemergencydinternationaldsciencedfund.dYoudaredthednewdpostdoctoraldfello
wdjustdhireddbydDr.dAllende’sdlaboratorydrightdindthedmiddledofdthisddiscovery.dWhatdaredyoudgoingd
toddodtodprovedbothdthedevolutionarydrelatednessdofdthesedpgc-
likedcellsdtodancestraldmetazoansdandddemonstratedthedtherapeuticdpotentialdofdthesedcells?
Exam Questions
d
1. Testdthedhypothesisdthatdeachdofdthedpgc-
likedstemdcellsdfounddacrossdalldtheddifferentdtissuesd possessdthedsamedidentity.
A. Howdwoulddyoudapproachdtestingdthedrelatednessdofdthesedstemdcells?
B. Whatdwoulddyoudpredictdtodfinddfromdyourdproposeddexperimentalddesign?
C. Assumingdthesedpgc-
likedstemdcellsdprovedtodbedrelated,dthendmakedadproposaldfordaddevelopmentaldmechan
ismdbydwhichdeachdstemdcelldnichedbecamedpopulateddwithdthedsamedresidentdpgc-
likedstemdcell,dyetdalsodcapabledofdgeneratingdveryddifferentdcelldtypedderivatives.
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d d d d d d d d d
2. Provedthedrelatednessdofdthesedpgc-
likedstemdcellsdtodpluripotentdcellsdacrossdthedmetazoandtreedofdlife.
A. Howdwoulddyoudapproachdtestingdthedrelatednessdofdthesedpgc-
likedstemdcellsdtodpluripotentdstemdcellsdacrossdspeciesdanddperhapsdevendtodtheda
ncestraldchoanoflagellates?
3. Describedhowdyoudmightdleveragedtheduniqued(anddpresumed)dpluripotencydofdthesedpgc-
likedstemdcellsdtodcuredadspecificdhumanddisease?
Exam Guidelines
d
Thedmoreddetaildyoudprovide,dthedeasierditdwilldbedtodjudgedthedthoroughnessdanddaccuracydofdyourdans
wer.d Superficialitydanddvaguenessdwilldresultdindlossdofdpoints.
Yourdideasdshoulddbedsupporteddwithdexamplesdfromdthedcontentdcovereddindclass,dfromdthedtextbo
okdand/ordfromdreadingsdassigneddduringdthisdunit.dItdisdnotdnecessarydtodconductdliteraturedresearch
dfordadditionaldarticlesdtodsupportdyourdclaims.
Drawingsdaredwelcomedd(butdnotdrequired).
Extra Credit
d
Writedadcreativedanddcompellingdparagraphdasdtodwhydthedchoanofrogdshoulddbedprotecteddanddthusdsu
pportdthedpreventiondofdanydfurtherddeforestationdofdthedAmazondrainforest.
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