WGU D236 Pathophysiology
1. What is accomplished by diffusion?: Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of
lower concentration.
2. What causes osmotic diarrhea?: Non-absorbable substances in the intestine drawing water into the bowel
3. What is BNP?: B-type natriuretic peptide, a marker used to diagnose heart failure.
4. What is pleural effusion?: An accumulation of fluid in the pleural space around the lungs.
5. If a patient's ABG shows pH at 7.29, bicarb= 25, and PaCO2 of 55, what diagnosis is consistent with
these lab values?: Respiratory acidosis.
6. What causes respiratory acidosis?: Decreased ventilation causes the lungs to retain carbon dioxide, which lowers
the pH in the blood. This can be caused by COPD, foreign body obstruction, and severe asthma.
7. How does the respiratory system compensate for acid-base disturbances?-
: By changing the rate and depth of breathing. Increased breathing rate expels CO2 to reduce acidity (compensates for
metabolic acidosis), while decreased breathing rate retains CO2 to reduce acidity (compensates for metabolic alkalosis).
8. Name one symptom of acidosis: Rapid breathing
9. What term describes a gene when the same allele is inherited from both parents?: Homozygous
10.Describe the ICF (intercellular fluid) compartment.: The ICF compartment is the fluid contained within the
cells, making up for about 2/3 of the body's total water content.
11.What two conditions will cause dehydration and increase water require- ments?: Severe diarrhea and
excessive sweating.
12.What are phagocytic cells? Give two examples.: cells that engulf, ingest, and destroy foreign bodies or toxins;
examples include macrophages and neutrophils.
13.What is Turner's syndrome? List some signs and symptoms.: Turner's syn- drome is defined as a complete or
partial lack of an X-chromosome in females. S/S include: hypothyroidism, HTN, neck webbing, amenorrhea, short
stature, infertility, vision issues, aortic valve issues.
14.What are two symptoms of Huntington's disease?: Lack of control in move- ment, cognitive decline,
depressions, muscle spasticity, speech/swallowing difficulty
15.What three issues would children with ND-PAE exhibit?: Cognitive defects, behavioral problems, and physical
abnormalities.
16.What defines a grade 1 sprain?: Mild stretching or slight tear of a ligament with little or no join instability.
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, WGU D236 Pathophysiology
17.What are signs and symptoms of osteoarthritis?: Morning stiffness, swelling, limited ROM, and symmetrical
joint pain in the hips after physical exertion or during cold weather. Herberden's and Bouchards nodes noted on fingers.
18.If a patient has burns covering the front of the torso, what percentage of the BSA is considered burned?:
According to the Rule of Nines, the front of the torso is approximately 18%
19.What s/s classify a second-degree (aka partial-thickness) burn?: Swelling, pain, blisters, blanches with pressure
20.What two diagnoses fit the following: small dome-shaped bump covered by superficial blood vessels?:
Hemangioma or basal cell carcinoma
21.Define inflammation.: Body automatically reacting to tissue injured by trauma or bacteria.
22.Define innate immunity: The body's first line of defense against pathogens, involving physical, chemical, and
cellular defenses.
23.What are some causes of hypomagnesemia?: Prolonged diarrhea, laxative abuse, increased renal excretion of
magnesium, sepsis, burns, and serious wounds requiring debridement.
24.What are clinical manifestations of hypernatremia?: Weight gain, HTN, de- hydration, irritability, tachycardia,
flushed skin, dry mucous membranes, and oliguria.
25.How would one assess for a suspected musculoskeletal trauma?: Assess for pain, swelling, bruising, and
deformity; perform appropriate imagine studies.
26.What two bacteria are common causes of otitis media (OM) in children?: -
Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenaze, Moraxella catarrhalis
27.Name three major neurodegenerative disorders: Parkinson's disease, multi- ple sclerosis, and ALS
28.What are two mechanisms from which a thrombus arises and causes ischemic stroke?: Thrombosis (clot
formation in a blood vessel) and embolism (clot traveling from another part in the body)
29.What are two risk factors for hyperlipidemia?: Gene mutations and diet
30.Which two components are part of the pathophysiology of thalassemia?-
: Reduced production of hemoglobin and destruction of RBCs
31.Which two nutrients are necessary for synthesizing RBCs?: Iron and vita- min B12
32.Which condition allows blood to flow back into the left atrium from the left ventricle?: Mitral valve
regurgitation
33.Define aplastic anemia and give s/s.: Aplastic anemia is a condition where the bone marrow fails to produce
enough blood cells. S/s include high out put, heart failure, infections, increased bleeding.
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1. What is accomplished by diffusion?: Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of
lower concentration.
2. What causes osmotic diarrhea?: Non-absorbable substances in the intestine drawing water into the bowel
3. What is BNP?: B-type natriuretic peptide, a marker used to diagnose heart failure.
4. What is pleural effusion?: An accumulation of fluid in the pleural space around the lungs.
5. If a patient's ABG shows pH at 7.29, bicarb= 25, and PaCO2 of 55, what diagnosis is consistent with
these lab values?: Respiratory acidosis.
6. What causes respiratory acidosis?: Decreased ventilation causes the lungs to retain carbon dioxide, which lowers
the pH in the blood. This can be caused by COPD, foreign body obstruction, and severe asthma.
7. How does the respiratory system compensate for acid-base disturbances?-
: By changing the rate and depth of breathing. Increased breathing rate expels CO2 to reduce acidity (compensates for
metabolic acidosis), while decreased breathing rate retains CO2 to reduce acidity (compensates for metabolic alkalosis).
8. Name one symptom of acidosis: Rapid breathing
9. What term describes a gene when the same allele is inherited from both parents?: Homozygous
10.Describe the ICF (intercellular fluid) compartment.: The ICF compartment is the fluid contained within the
cells, making up for about 2/3 of the body's total water content.
11.What two conditions will cause dehydration and increase water require- ments?: Severe diarrhea and
excessive sweating.
12.What are phagocytic cells? Give two examples.: cells that engulf, ingest, and destroy foreign bodies or toxins;
examples include macrophages and neutrophils.
13.What is Turner's syndrome? List some signs and symptoms.: Turner's syn- drome is defined as a complete or
partial lack of an X-chromosome in females. S/S include: hypothyroidism, HTN, neck webbing, amenorrhea, short
stature, infertility, vision issues, aortic valve issues.
14.What are two symptoms of Huntington's disease?: Lack of control in move- ment, cognitive decline,
depressions, muscle spasticity, speech/swallowing difficulty
15.What three issues would children with ND-PAE exhibit?: Cognitive defects, behavioral problems, and physical
abnormalities.
16.What defines a grade 1 sprain?: Mild stretching or slight tear of a ligament with little or no join instability.
1/
7
, WGU D236 Pathophysiology
17.What are signs and symptoms of osteoarthritis?: Morning stiffness, swelling, limited ROM, and symmetrical
joint pain in the hips after physical exertion or during cold weather. Herberden's and Bouchards nodes noted on fingers.
18.If a patient has burns covering the front of the torso, what percentage of the BSA is considered burned?:
According to the Rule of Nines, the front of the torso is approximately 18%
19.What s/s classify a second-degree (aka partial-thickness) burn?: Swelling, pain, blisters, blanches with pressure
20.What two diagnoses fit the following: small dome-shaped bump covered by superficial blood vessels?:
Hemangioma or basal cell carcinoma
21.Define inflammation.: Body automatically reacting to tissue injured by trauma or bacteria.
22.Define innate immunity: The body's first line of defense against pathogens, involving physical, chemical, and
cellular defenses.
23.What are some causes of hypomagnesemia?: Prolonged diarrhea, laxative abuse, increased renal excretion of
magnesium, sepsis, burns, and serious wounds requiring debridement.
24.What are clinical manifestations of hypernatremia?: Weight gain, HTN, de- hydration, irritability, tachycardia,
flushed skin, dry mucous membranes, and oliguria.
25.How would one assess for a suspected musculoskeletal trauma?: Assess for pain, swelling, bruising, and
deformity; perform appropriate imagine studies.
26.What two bacteria are common causes of otitis media (OM) in children?: -
Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenaze, Moraxella catarrhalis
27.Name three major neurodegenerative disorders: Parkinson's disease, multi- ple sclerosis, and ALS
28.What are two mechanisms from which a thrombus arises and causes ischemic stroke?: Thrombosis (clot
formation in a blood vessel) and embolism (clot traveling from another part in the body)
29.What are two risk factors for hyperlipidemia?: Gene mutations and diet
30.Which two components are part of the pathophysiology of thalassemia?-
: Reduced production of hemoglobin and destruction of RBCs
31.Which two nutrients are necessary for synthesizing RBCs?: Iron and vita- min B12
32.Which condition allows blood to flow back into the left atrium from the left ventricle?: Mitral valve
regurgitation
33.Define aplastic anemia and give s/s.: Aplastic anemia is a condition where the bone marrow fails to produce
enough blood cells. S/s include high out put, heart failure, infections, increased bleeding.
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7
