Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics
y A branch of chemistry which gives
information about the flow of heat.
Limitations
y Doesn’t give information about the rate of
reaction.
y Thermodynamics process are not applicable
for micro system such as e–, p+, n etc
Thermodynamics
1.
, y For a system the change in energy is
identical in magnitude but opposite in sign Rack your Brain
to the change in energy of its surrounding.
An open container and open
system. Are they same ?
Types of system
1. Open system :
The type of system where both mass and
Concept Ladder
heat transfer takes place. with surrounding.
Example. Boiled water in an open vessel In lab experiments, the
2. Closed system : room is considered as
surrounding.
The type of system where only heat transfer
Uuniv
Usys
Usurr 0
takes place with surrounding but there is no Usys
Usurr
mass transfer. Example. Boiled water in a
closed vessel.
3. Isolated system :
Rack your Brain
The type of system where neither heat
transfer nor mass transfer takes place. Can you compare the relative
Thermodynamics
Example. Boiled water in thermo flask. magnitude of the change in energy
of system and surrounding?
2.
,y The universe is isolated, because it contains
everything by definition, and thus there can Concept Ladder
be no exchange of energy with anything.
Reactants undergo reaction to decrease Universe is considered as an
their energy and will proceed until they isolated system. So, all the
reach a state of low energy and will remain laws applicable for universe
in this state unless disturbed. This state is are applicable for isolated
called equilibrium. system.
Q.1 Write down system of following:
1. Helium filled balloon 2. Coffee in a thermos flask
3. The earth 4. Satellite in an orbit
5. Human being 6. Refrigeration cycle
A.1 1. Helium filled balloon Closed
2. Coffee in a thermos flask Isolated
3. The earth Open
4. Satellite in an orbit Closed
5. Human being Open
6. Refrigeration cycle Closed
Thermodynamic properties
1. Intensive properties :
(i) Those properties which are
independent of mass.
Thermodynamics
(ii) Their values remain uniform
throughout system.
(iii) They are non-additive.
3.
, 2. Extensive properties :
(i) Those properties which depend on Rack your Brain
mass.
(ii) Ratio of two extensive properties Is Pressure an intensive property?
become an intensive property.
(iii) They are additive.
Extensive properties Intensive Properties
Volume Molar volume
Number of Moles Density
Mass Refractive index
Free Energy (G) Surface tension
Entropy Viscosity
Enthalpy Free energy per mole
Internal Energy (E & U) Specific heat
Thermodynamics
Pressure, Temperature, Boiling
Heat Capacity
point, freezing Point. Etc.
4.
Thermodynamics
y A branch of chemistry which gives
information about the flow of heat.
Limitations
y Doesn’t give information about the rate of
reaction.
y Thermodynamics process are not applicable
for micro system such as e–, p+, n etc
Thermodynamics
1.
, y For a system the change in energy is
identical in magnitude but opposite in sign Rack your Brain
to the change in energy of its surrounding.
An open container and open
system. Are they same ?
Types of system
1. Open system :
The type of system where both mass and
Concept Ladder
heat transfer takes place. with surrounding.
Example. Boiled water in an open vessel In lab experiments, the
2. Closed system : room is considered as
surrounding.
The type of system where only heat transfer
Uuniv
Usys
Usurr 0
takes place with surrounding but there is no Usys
Usurr
mass transfer. Example. Boiled water in a
closed vessel.
3. Isolated system :
Rack your Brain
The type of system where neither heat
transfer nor mass transfer takes place. Can you compare the relative
Thermodynamics
Example. Boiled water in thermo flask. magnitude of the change in energy
of system and surrounding?
2.
,y The universe is isolated, because it contains
everything by definition, and thus there can Concept Ladder
be no exchange of energy with anything.
Reactants undergo reaction to decrease Universe is considered as an
their energy and will proceed until they isolated system. So, all the
reach a state of low energy and will remain laws applicable for universe
in this state unless disturbed. This state is are applicable for isolated
called equilibrium. system.
Q.1 Write down system of following:
1. Helium filled balloon 2. Coffee in a thermos flask
3. The earth 4. Satellite in an orbit
5. Human being 6. Refrigeration cycle
A.1 1. Helium filled balloon Closed
2. Coffee in a thermos flask Isolated
3. The earth Open
4. Satellite in an orbit Closed
5. Human being Open
6. Refrigeration cycle Closed
Thermodynamic properties
1. Intensive properties :
(i) Those properties which are
independent of mass.
Thermodynamics
(ii) Their values remain uniform
throughout system.
(iii) They are non-additive.
3.
, 2. Extensive properties :
(i) Those properties which depend on Rack your Brain
mass.
(ii) Ratio of two extensive properties Is Pressure an intensive property?
become an intensive property.
(iii) They are additive.
Extensive properties Intensive Properties
Volume Molar volume
Number of Moles Density
Mass Refractive index
Free Energy (G) Surface tension
Entropy Viscosity
Enthalpy Free energy per mole
Internal Energy (E & U) Specific heat
Thermodynamics
Pressure, Temperature, Boiling
Heat Capacity
point, freezing Point. Etc.
4.
