TesttBanktfortNucleartMedicinetandtPETtCTt8thtEditiontbytWaterstramtRich
Test Bank for Nuclear Medicine and PET C
t t t t t t t
T 8th Edition by Waterstram Rich
t t t t t
Visitttotdownloadtthetfulltandtcorrecttcontenttdocument:thttps://testbankmall.com/dowtnlo
ad/test-bank-for-nuclear-medicine-and-pet-ct-8th-edition-by-waterstram-rich/
VisittTestBankMall.comttotgettcompletetfortalltchapters
,6. Atsourcetoft 131tI Ít t t 1t =t8.05tdt˙t istdeliveredttotthetnucleartmedicinetdepartmenttcalibratedtfort100tmCitatt8:00tA
ÍÎt 2 ˙˚
radioactivitytistinjectedtintotatpatienttattnoontontTuesday,twhattradioactivitytwilltthetpatienttreceive?
a. 80t mCi
b. 85t mCi
c. 90t mCi
d. 95tmCi
ANS:t C
Solvingtthetdifferentialtequationtyieldstthetradioactivetdecaytlaw:tAt=tA0e–
λtt wheretAt=tactivitytatttimett,tA t=tactivitytattstartingttime,tλt=tdecaytconstant,ttt=ttimetsincetstartingttime.tTh
0
ontoftatomstthattdecaytpert(small)ttimetinterval,tandthastunitstoft1toverttimet(e.g.,t1/hr)tortinversettimet(hr–
1).tThettypicaltradioactivetdecaytcalculationtrequiredtintnucleartmedicinetspecifiestthreetoftthetfourtvariable
tion,trequiringtthattthetfourthtunknowntvariabletbetsolvedtfor.
REF:t t p.t10
7. Atpatienttwastinjectedtwitht131ItontMondaytatt10:00tAM.tOntTuesdaytatt10:00tAM,tthetthyroidtprobetwastpla
ducedt100,000tcounts.tOntThursdaytatt10:00tAM,tthetprobetshowedt25,000tcounts.tWhattisttheteffectivethal
lifetintthistpatient’stthyroid?
a. 12thours
b. 24t hours
c. 48t hours
d. 72thours
ANS:t B
Typicallytthetpatient’storgantexcretestthetradiopharmaceuticaltwithtsometbiologicthalf-
lifettBtwhiletthetradioactivitytalsotdecaystphysicallytwithtatphysicalthalf-
lifetthattistdenotedtasttP.tThetcountstobservedtbytthetgammatcameratfollowtantexponentialtdecay
t1
lawtbasedtonttheteffectivethalf-lifettt ,twhere:t t1
E
=t +tt1 or,tintatformattthattistmuchteasiertfortcalculatio
ttp
tE tB
ttpt ×ttB
tEt = ÁÊtt +tt ˆt .tTheteffectivethalf-lifetistalwaystlesstthantortequalttotthetsmallertofttPtorttB.
p B
˜
Ë ¯
REF:t t p.t15
8. At99Mo-
99mTctgeneratortistelutedtMondaytatt7:00tAM,tproducingt1.8tCitoft99mTctinttheteluatetvial,tint20tmltsaline.tWh
withdrawntfromttheteluatetvialtintotatsyringetintorderttotinjecttatpatienttwitht20tmCitoft 99mTctatt3:00tPM?t(Gi
lifetoft99mTctist6.02thours.)
a. 0.56tml
b. 0.66t ml
c. 0.76t ml
d. 0.86tml
ANS:t A
Thetradioactivetdecaytlawtcantbetalgebraicallytrearrangedt(dividingtbothtsidestoftthetdecaytequationtbyt A0)
ÈÍ ˘˙
-0.639t Íttt t 1t t
ÎÍ 2t ˚˙t
At At0 = e .tAftertsolvingtfortthethalf-life,tthetconcentrationt(radioactivitytpertvolume)tintthetelua
determinedtandtthetvolumetneededttotbetwithdrawntintotthetsyringetcantbetcalculatedtfromtthetequationtactiv
tCt×tV.
REF:t t p.t10
9. IftthetHVLtfortsometradionuclidetintleadtist0.30tmm,twhattthicknesstoftleadtshieldingtistnecessaryttotreducett
,10. Thetlineartattenuationtcoefficienttintleadtfort99mTctgammatrayst(140tkeV)tist23tcm–
1.tWhattpercentagetoftthesetgammatraystwilltbetabsorbedtbytatleadtaprontthattcontainst0.60tmmtoftlead?
a. 75%
b. 50%
c. 25%
d. 12.5%
ANS:t A
Thetintensitytoftthettransmittedtradiationtistgiventby:
It=tI0e–μx
wheretμtistthetlineartattenuationtcoefficient,tortthetfractiontoftthetbeamtabsorbedtintsomet(verytsmall)tthickn
oefficienttμtistthetanalogtoftthetdecaytconstanttλtintradioactivetdecay.tThetlineartattenuationtcoefficienttμtdep
materialtandtthetenergytoftthetphotons.
REF:t t p.t15
11. Atnewtgammatcamera/computertsystemtthattusestatnewtmethodtoftcalculatingtcardiactejectiontfractiont(EF)
netdepartment.tThetdepartmenttdecidesttotcalculatetEFtfortthetnextt25tpatientstontbothtthetoldtgammatcamer
beforetdiscontinuingtthetusetoftthetoldtcamera.tIntthetfuture,tiftittistdesirablettotconverttthetnewtEFtvaluettotth
ainedtontthetoldtgammatcamerat(e.g.,ttotassesstiftthetpatient’stEFthadtchanged),tthetmathematicaltanalysistto
a. independenttt-test.
b. lineartregression.
c. standardterror.
d. chi-square.
ANS:t B
Thetleasttsquarestmethod,tortlineartregression,tcalculatestthetbest-fittvaluestforty-interceptt(a)tandtslopet(b)ti
fittstraighttline:tyt=tat+tbx.tThetlinetoftidentitytistoftentdrawntontregressiontgraphstwhentthetsametparameter,t
eingtplottedtontbothtthetxtandtytaxes.tThetlinetoftidentitytfacilitatestantevaluationtoftwhethertthettwotmethods
ngtthetsametresulttfortejectiontfraction.tIftthettwotmethodstproducetthetsametvaluetfortejectiontfraction,tthen
hetsametastthetlinetoftidentity.
REF:t t p.t20
12. Whattistthetstandardtdeviationtoft40,000tcounts?
a. 4000tcounts
b. 2000tcounts
c. 400tcounts
d. 200tcounts
ANS:t D
Countingtstatistics,tmeaningtthetnumbertoftcountstexpectedtfromtatsample,tfollowtthetPoissontdistribution.t
tstandardtdeviationt(σC)tfortanytnumbertoftcountst (C)tistfixedtattthetsquaretroottoftC:
σ ct = C
ThistfixedtdefinitiontoftstandardtdeviationtdoestnottexisttintGaussiantdistributions;tessentiallytonlytcountin
REF:t t p.t24
13. Whattistthetcoefficienttoftvariationtoft40,000tcounts?
a. 2%
b. 1%
c. 0.5%
d. 0.25%
ANS:t C
Thetstandardtdeviationtcantbetexpressedtastatpercentagetoftthetmeantvalue,twhichtistfrequentlytcalledtthetper
efficienttoftvariationt(CV):
ÁÊtσt ˆ˜
CVt=t Á ˜t×t100
Á ˜
, 14. Howtmanytcountstshouldtbetacquiredtintoteachtpixeltoftatnucleartmedicinetfloodtimagetiftittistdesiredttotbet95
nttinteachtpixeltistwithint1%toftthetmeasuredtcountstinteachtpixel?
a. 100,000tcounts
b. 40,000t counts
c. 10,000t counts
d. 4000tcounts
ANS:t B
Countingtstatistics,tbesidestbeingtPoisson,taretalsotdescribedtbytatGaussiantdistributiontastlongtastthetnumb
utt30.tHence,tgiventsometnumbertoftcountstC,tthetstandardtdeviationtistautomaticallytknown.tIttistalsotknow
repeattmeasurestoftthetsampletfalltwithintCt±tco C andt95%toftrepeattmeasurestoftthetsampletfalltwithintC
nfidencet=tCt±t2σct=tCt±t2 Ct).
Sometimestthisttypetoftproblemtistexpressedtbytsayingtthattatcertaintnumbertoftcountstaretneededttotbet95%t
counttistwithint2%toftthetmeasuredtvalue.tThetpresencetofttwotdifferenttpercentagetvaluestcantseemtconfusi
valtont10,000tcountstist±200tcounts,tandtthistfiguretoft200tcountstrepresentst2%toft10,000tcounts.tThetgener
mbertoftcountstneededttotbet“nσ”tsuretthattthettruetanswertistwithintsometpercentt(p)toftthetmeasuredtcountsti
ÈÍ ˘˙t2
˙
tÍ
˙
tÍ
n
Ct =t Ít Ê ˆt ˙
ÍÍt tÁt100%t˜tt˙˙
Á tt t P t
ÍÎt Ë ¯
Intthistformula,tntistreplacedtwithtat1tfort68%tconfidence,tat2tfort95%tconfidence,tandtat3tfort99%tconfidence
REF:t t p.t25
15. Atpatient’stthyroidtistcountedtwithtthetthyroidtprobetandtproducest8000tcounts.tThentthetpatienttistremoved
otbet2000tcounts.tThet(nettcounts)t±t(standardtdeviationtintthetnettcounts)tintthistpatienttis
a. 10,000t±t100tcounts.
b. 10,000t±t77tcounts.
c. 6000t±t77tcounts.
d. 6000t±t100tcounts.
ANS:t D
Backgroundtcountstaretatproblemtintmosttmeasurementstoftcountstfromtatradioactivetsample.tBackgroundta
andtcosmictsourcestoftradioactivitytortfromtothertnearbytsourcestoftradioactivetmaterial.tThetsampletistusua
sometbackgroundtradiation,tyieldingtatgrosstcounttfortsampletplustbackground,tdenotedtbytthetlettertC.tThe
tthetcounter,tandtthetbackgroundtBtistcounted.tThetnet,torttruetcounts,twhichtrepresentstthetsampletonly,tistde
Nt=tCt–tB
Thetstandardtdeviationtoftthetnettcountstistgiventby:
σNt = (C+B)
Thististantexampletoftthetrulestfortcombinationstofterrors,twhichtstatestthattfortadditiontortsubtraction,terrors
quaretroot:
σNt = σ c +tσ B
2 2
Additionally,tsincet
σCt = C andtσBt = B
wetobtain
σ Nt = (C+B)
REF:t t p.t26
16. Thetgammatcameratseemsttotbetproducingterratictresults.tAt57Cotfloodtsourcetistcountedt10ttimes,tproducing
:t1000,t975,t1032,t1096,t982,t997,t1012,t1090,t994,t977.tWhattistthetchi-squaretvaluetfortthesetcounts?
Test Bank for Nuclear Medicine and PET C
t t t t t t t
T 8th Edition by Waterstram Rich
t t t t t
Visitttotdownloadtthetfulltandtcorrecttcontenttdocument:thttps://testbankmall.com/dowtnlo
ad/test-bank-for-nuclear-medicine-and-pet-ct-8th-edition-by-waterstram-rich/
VisittTestBankMall.comttotgettcompletetfortalltchapters
,6. Atsourcetoft 131tI Ít t t 1t =t8.05tdt˙t istdeliveredttotthetnucleartmedicinetdepartmenttcalibratedtfort100tmCitatt8:00tA
ÍÎt 2 ˙˚
radioactivitytistinjectedtintotatpatienttattnoontontTuesday,twhattradioactivitytwilltthetpatienttreceive?
a. 80t mCi
b. 85t mCi
c. 90t mCi
d. 95tmCi
ANS:t C
Solvingtthetdifferentialtequationtyieldstthetradioactivetdecaytlaw:tAt=tA0e–
λtt wheretAt=tactivitytatttimett,tA t=tactivitytattstartingttime,tλt=tdecaytconstant,ttt=ttimetsincetstartingttime.tTh
0
ontoftatomstthattdecaytpert(small)ttimetinterval,tandthastunitstoft1toverttimet(e.g.,t1/hr)tortinversettimet(hr–
1).tThettypicaltradioactivetdecaytcalculationtrequiredtintnucleartmedicinetspecifiestthreetoftthetfourtvariable
tion,trequiringtthattthetfourthtunknowntvariabletbetsolvedtfor.
REF:t t p.t10
7. Atpatienttwastinjectedtwitht131ItontMondaytatt10:00tAM.tOntTuesdaytatt10:00tAM,tthetthyroidtprobetwastpla
ducedt100,000tcounts.tOntThursdaytatt10:00tAM,tthetprobetshowedt25,000tcounts.tWhattisttheteffectivethal
lifetintthistpatient’stthyroid?
a. 12thours
b. 24t hours
c. 48t hours
d. 72thours
ANS:t B
Typicallytthetpatient’storgantexcretestthetradiopharmaceuticaltwithtsometbiologicthalf-
lifettBtwhiletthetradioactivitytalsotdecaystphysicallytwithtatphysicalthalf-
lifetthattistdenotedtasttP.tThetcountstobservedtbytthetgammatcameratfollowtantexponentialtdecay
t1
lawtbasedtonttheteffectivethalf-lifettt ,twhere:t t1
E
=t +tt1 or,tintatformattthattistmuchteasiertfortcalculatio
ttp
tE tB
ttpt ×ttB
tEt = ÁÊtt +tt ˆt .tTheteffectivethalf-lifetistalwaystlesstthantortequalttotthetsmallertofttPtorttB.
p B
˜
Ë ¯
REF:t t p.t15
8. At99Mo-
99mTctgeneratortistelutedtMondaytatt7:00tAM,tproducingt1.8tCitoft99mTctinttheteluatetvial,tint20tmltsaline.tWh
withdrawntfromttheteluatetvialtintotatsyringetintorderttotinjecttatpatienttwitht20tmCitoft 99mTctatt3:00tPM?t(Gi
lifetoft99mTctist6.02thours.)
a. 0.56tml
b. 0.66t ml
c. 0.76t ml
d. 0.86tml
ANS:t A
Thetradioactivetdecaytlawtcantbetalgebraicallytrearrangedt(dividingtbothtsidestoftthetdecaytequationtbyt A0)
ÈÍ ˘˙
-0.639t Íttt t 1t t
ÎÍ 2t ˚˙t
At At0 = e .tAftertsolvingtfortthethalf-life,tthetconcentrationt(radioactivitytpertvolume)tintthetelua
determinedtandtthetvolumetneededttotbetwithdrawntintotthetsyringetcantbetcalculatedtfromtthetequationtactiv
tCt×tV.
REF:t t p.t10
9. IftthetHVLtfortsometradionuclidetintleadtist0.30tmm,twhattthicknesstoftleadtshieldingtistnecessaryttotreducett
,10. Thetlineartattenuationtcoefficienttintleadtfort99mTctgammatrayst(140tkeV)tist23tcm–
1.tWhattpercentagetoftthesetgammatraystwilltbetabsorbedtbytatleadtaprontthattcontainst0.60tmmtoftlead?
a. 75%
b. 50%
c. 25%
d. 12.5%
ANS:t A
Thetintensitytoftthettransmittedtradiationtistgiventby:
It=tI0e–μx
wheretμtistthetlineartattenuationtcoefficient,tortthetfractiontoftthetbeamtabsorbedtintsomet(verytsmall)tthickn
oefficienttμtistthetanalogtoftthetdecaytconstanttλtintradioactivetdecay.tThetlineartattenuationtcoefficienttμtdep
materialtandtthetenergytoftthetphotons.
REF:t t p.t15
11. Atnewtgammatcamera/computertsystemtthattusestatnewtmethodtoftcalculatingtcardiactejectiontfractiont(EF)
netdepartment.tThetdepartmenttdecidesttotcalculatetEFtfortthetnextt25tpatientstontbothtthetoldtgammatcamer
beforetdiscontinuingtthetusetoftthetoldtcamera.tIntthetfuture,tiftittistdesirablettotconverttthetnewtEFtvaluettotth
ainedtontthetoldtgammatcamerat(e.g.,ttotassesstiftthetpatient’stEFthadtchanged),tthetmathematicaltanalysistto
a. independenttt-test.
b. lineartregression.
c. standardterror.
d. chi-square.
ANS:t B
Thetleasttsquarestmethod,tortlineartregression,tcalculatestthetbest-fittvaluestforty-interceptt(a)tandtslopet(b)ti
fittstraighttline:tyt=tat+tbx.tThetlinetoftidentitytistoftentdrawntontregressiontgraphstwhentthetsametparameter,t
eingtplottedtontbothtthetxtandtytaxes.tThetlinetoftidentitytfacilitatestantevaluationtoftwhethertthettwotmethods
ngtthetsametresulttfortejectiontfraction.tIftthettwotmethodstproducetthetsametvaluetfortejectiontfraction,tthen
hetsametastthetlinetoftidentity.
REF:t t p.t20
12. Whattistthetstandardtdeviationtoft40,000tcounts?
a. 4000tcounts
b. 2000tcounts
c. 400tcounts
d. 200tcounts
ANS:t D
Countingtstatistics,tmeaningtthetnumbertoftcountstexpectedtfromtatsample,tfollowtthetPoissontdistribution.t
tstandardtdeviationt(σC)tfortanytnumbertoftcountst (C)tistfixedtattthetsquaretroottoftC:
σ ct = C
ThistfixedtdefinitiontoftstandardtdeviationtdoestnottexisttintGaussiantdistributions;tessentiallytonlytcountin
REF:t t p.t24
13. Whattistthetcoefficienttoftvariationtoft40,000tcounts?
a. 2%
b. 1%
c. 0.5%
d. 0.25%
ANS:t C
Thetstandardtdeviationtcantbetexpressedtastatpercentagetoftthetmeantvalue,twhichtistfrequentlytcalledtthetper
efficienttoftvariationt(CV):
ÁÊtσt ˆ˜
CVt=t Á ˜t×t100
Á ˜
, 14. Howtmanytcountstshouldtbetacquiredtintoteachtpixeltoftatnucleartmedicinetfloodtimagetiftittistdesiredttotbet95
nttinteachtpixeltistwithint1%toftthetmeasuredtcountstinteachtpixel?
a. 100,000tcounts
b. 40,000t counts
c. 10,000t counts
d. 4000tcounts
ANS:t B
Countingtstatistics,tbesidestbeingtPoisson,taretalsotdescribedtbytatGaussiantdistributiontastlongtastthetnumb
utt30.tHence,tgiventsometnumbertoftcountstC,tthetstandardtdeviationtistautomaticallytknown.tIttistalsotknow
repeattmeasurestoftthetsampletfalltwithintCt±tco C andt95%toftrepeattmeasurestoftthetsampletfalltwithintC
nfidencet=tCt±t2σct=tCt±t2 Ct).
Sometimestthisttypetoftproblemtistexpressedtbytsayingtthattatcertaintnumbertoftcountstaretneededttotbet95%t
counttistwithint2%toftthetmeasuredtvalue.tThetpresencetofttwotdifferenttpercentagetvaluestcantseemtconfusi
valtont10,000tcountstist±200tcounts,tandtthistfiguretoft200tcountstrepresentst2%toft10,000tcounts.tThetgener
mbertoftcountstneededttotbet“nσ”tsuretthattthettruetanswertistwithintsometpercentt(p)toftthetmeasuredtcountsti
ÈÍ ˘˙t2
˙
tÍ
˙
tÍ
n
Ct =t Ít Ê ˆt ˙
ÍÍt tÁt100%t˜tt˙˙
Á tt t P t
ÍÎt Ë ¯
Intthistformula,tntistreplacedtwithtat1tfort68%tconfidence,tat2tfort95%tconfidence,tandtat3tfort99%tconfidence
REF:t t p.t25
15. Atpatient’stthyroidtistcountedtwithtthetthyroidtprobetandtproducest8000tcounts.tThentthetpatienttistremoved
otbet2000tcounts.tThet(nettcounts)t±t(standardtdeviationtintthetnettcounts)tintthistpatienttis
a. 10,000t±t100tcounts.
b. 10,000t±t77tcounts.
c. 6000t±t77tcounts.
d. 6000t±t100tcounts.
ANS:t D
Backgroundtcountstaretatproblemtintmosttmeasurementstoftcountstfromtatradioactivetsample.tBackgroundta
andtcosmictsourcestoftradioactivitytortfromtothertnearbytsourcestoftradioactivetmaterial.tThetsampletistusua
sometbackgroundtradiation,tyieldingtatgrosstcounttfortsampletplustbackground,tdenotedtbytthetlettertC.tThe
tthetcounter,tandtthetbackgroundtBtistcounted.tThetnet,torttruetcounts,twhichtrepresentstthetsampletonly,tistde
Nt=tCt–tB
Thetstandardtdeviationtoftthetnettcountstistgiventby:
σNt = (C+B)
Thististantexampletoftthetrulestfortcombinationstofterrors,twhichtstatestthattfortadditiontortsubtraction,terrors
quaretroot:
σNt = σ c +tσ B
2 2
Additionally,tsincet
σCt = C andtσBt = B
wetobtain
σ Nt = (C+B)
REF:t t p.t26
16. Thetgammatcameratseemsttotbetproducingterratictresults.tAt57Cotfloodtsourcetistcountedt10ttimes,tproducing
:t1000,t975,t1032,t1096,t982,t997,t1012,t1090,t994,t977.tWhattistthetchi-squaretvaluetfortthesetcounts?
