BIOS 255 Comprehensive Exam (Latest 2024 / 2025) Questions and Answers (Verified Answers)

BIOS 255 Comprehensive Exam (Latest 2024 / 2025) Questions and Answers (Verified Answers) What is epithelial tissue? - ANSWER -a sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity Is epithelial tissue vascular or avascular? - ANSWER -avascular (it contains no blood vessels) why is epithelial tissue polar? - ANSWER -These cells are polarized and form extensive cell-cell adhesions, including adherens junctions and tight junctions, with each other epithelial tissue role in regeneration - ANSWER -capable of rapidly replacing damaged and dead cells. types of protein fibers in connective tissue - ANSWER -collagen fibers, reticular fibers, elastic fibers what is chondroitin sulfate and where is it located? - ANSWER -provides support and adhesiveness in cartilage, bone, skin, and blood vessels *most commonly found in cartilage* what is the function of keratin? - ANSWER -Prevents underlying structures from drying out What is a merocrine gland? - ANSWER -glands that release fluids by exocytosis what are the functions of merocrine glands - ANSWER -thermoregulation, secretion, protection What is a sebaceous gland? - ANSWER -a small gland in the skin which secretes a lubricating oily matter (sebum) function of sebaceous glands - ANSWER -produce sebum (oil) into the hair follicles to lubricate the skin and hair. What are apocrine glands? - ANSWER -glands that secrete fluid function of apocrine glands - ANSWER -produce sweat in response to emotional stress, heat & sexual activity what are osteoclasts - ANSWER -large cells that resorb or break down bone matrix function of osteoclasts - ANSWER -resorb (destroy) bone matrix to release minerals back to blood. What are osteoblasts? - ANSWER -bone forming cells function of osteoblasts - ANSWER -build bone what is endochondral ossification - ANSWER -Process of transforming cartilage into bone endochondral ossification - ANSWER -Process of transforming cartilage into bone step 1 of endochondral ossification - ANSWER -bone collar forms around the diaphysis of the hyaline cartilage model step 2 of endochondral ossification - ANSWER -blood vessels grow into perichondrium; cells convert to osteoblasts; shaft becomes covered with superficial bone step 3 of endochondral ossification - ANSWER -more blood supply and osteoblasts; produces spongy bone; formation spreads on shaft step 4 of endochondral ossification - ANSWER -The diaphysis elongates and a medullary cavity forms. Secondary ossification centers appear in the epiphyses. step 5 of endochondral ossification - ANSWER -centers of epiphysis calcify, capillaries and osteoblasts enter area, forming secondary ossification centers Step 6 of Endochondral Ossification - ANSWER -epiphyseal plates ossify and form epiphyseal lines Condyles - ANSWER -Large, bony knobs at either end of a long bone facets - ANSWER -flat articular surfaces covered with hyaline cartilage heads - ANSWER -upper, rounded end of a bone Which bone makes up most of the hard palate? - ANSWER -palatine bone What is the diaphysis? - ANSWER -shaft of a long bone What is the metaphysis? - ANSWER -area between epiphysis and diaphysis What is the epiphysis? - ANSWER -End of a long bone Anatomy of Synovial Joints - ANSWER -articular cartilage, articular capsule, joint cavity, synovial membrane, synovial fluid synovial joints - ANSWER -created where two bones articulate to permit a variety of motions Define positive feedback - ANSWER -A self-amplifying cycle that leads to greater change in the same direction Define negative feedback - ANSWER -A process in which the body senses a change and activates mechanisms that negate or reverse it synovial joint mobility - ANSWER -flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, rotation, circumduction talocrural (ankle) joint - ANSWER -includes two articulations—a medial joint between the tibia and talus and a lateral joint between the fibula sacroiliac joint location - ANSWER -between sacrum and ilium, connects pelvis to axial system what bones make up the sacroiliac joint? - ANSWER -the sacrum and ilium What is a sarcomere? - ANSWER -contractile unit of a muscle fiber what are muscle twitches? - ANSWER -Motor unit contractions (fibers shorten in unison) that occur in 3 phases what is incomplete tetanus? - ANSWER -muscle fibers partially relax between contraction what is complete tetanus? - ANSWER -no relaxation between contractions What is the effect of acetylcholine attaching to its receptor? - ANSWER -allows for the opening of the ligand-regulated ion gate; creation of end-plate potential Refer to p. 396, Briefly explain steps 6 through 13 - ANSWER -These events link action potentials in the muscle fiber to the release and binding of calcium ions. agonists - ANSWER -the muscle that is contracting antagonist - ANSWER -the muscle that is relaxing or lengthening synergists - ANSWER -help prime movers by producing the same movement or by reducing undesirable movements what muscles make up the quadriceps? - ANSWER -rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius