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1. Constructivism: Students learn through direct experiences with their environ- t t t t t t t t
ment, students construct their understanding and develop their thinking.
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2. Behaviorism: Learning consists of the acquisition of new behaviors that are either re
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inforced to increase frequency or not reinforced to extinguish the behavior.
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3. Bottom-
Up Approach: Students first learn the names and shapes of letters, followed by cons
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onant sounds, next simple vowels and then more complex vowelcorrespondences.
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4. Reader-
Response Theory: Reading is a transaction between the text and thereader, the read
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er affects the text and is affected by it.
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5. Top-Down Approach: A holistic approach to learning to read. Sub-
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skills are nottaught.Instead students learn to use their background knowledge to predict/
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infer thecontent of print.
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, 6. During a reading activity, Mr Maui has his 6th graders focus on experiencingthe pie
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ce; paying attention to the feelings, attitudes, and ideas evoked by thewords.What
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is he implementing?: Aesthetic stance
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7. What kind of approach to reading uses sets of children's books as a basisfor pro
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viding literacy instruction?: the literature-based approach
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8. disadvantages of basal readers: -will not interest all students t t t t t t t t
-only offer small pieces of a novel
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-structure can restrain the class to move through the material
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9. Mrs. Neval has grouped her students and provided each group with readingselect
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ions matched to their level of development. When working with each individual gro
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up, she provides whatever guidance that particular group needsto successfully rea
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d a selection. What is Mrs Neval implementing?: guided reading
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10. : -core literature t t
-text sets t
-thematic units t
11. Mrs. Tafita has organized this weeks writing instruction to include a mini-
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lesson on vivid verbs for descriptive writing, followed by set times forstudents to
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t write. She will then hold individual or peer conferences before
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