"Comprehensive Human Anatomy and Physiology Notes"

Introduction to Anatomy: Surface Anatomy
Subdisciplines of anatomy
Anatomy ● Involves looking at the exterior of the body to
● Scientific discipline that investigates the body’s visualize structures deeper inside the body
structures ○ (e.g.) the sternum and the parts of the
○ Ex. shape and size of the bones ribs can be seen & palpated in front of
● Means to dissect or cut apart and separate the the chest
parts for study ○ Health professionals make use of this
● Examines the relationship between the structure structures as anatomical landmark to
of a body part and its function identify regions of the heart and points
on the chest where heart sounds can be
heard best
Subdisciplines of Anatomy
● Makes use of Anatomical Imaging to create
1. Developmental Anatomy pictures of internal structures
2. Gross Anatomy ○ Eg. x-rays
3. Surface Anatomy ■ Wlhelm Roentgen became the
4. Physiology first medical scientist to use
5. Pathology x-ray to see inside the body.

Developmental Anatomy Physiology

● Studies the structural changes that occur ● The scientific investigation of the processes or
between conception and adulthood functions of living things
○ To understand and predict the body’s
Embryology responses to stimuli
● Subspecialty of developmental anatomy, ● Study of disease
considers changes from conception to
the end of the 8th week of Exercise Physiology
development ● Focuses on the changes in function and
Cytology structure caused by exercise
● Examines the structural features of the Cell Physiology
cells ● Examines the processes occurring in
Histology cells such as energy production from
● Examines tissues, which are composed food
of cells and the materials surrounding Systemic Physiology
them ● Considers the functions of organ
systems
Gross Anatomy ● (Ex.)
Cardiovascular Physiology
● The study of structures that can be examined ● Focuses on the heart and blood
without aid of a microscope, can be vessels
approached either systematically or regionally Neurophysiology
● Focuses on the function of the
Systematic Anatomy nervous system
● Body is studies system by system
(system - a group of structures that have Pathology
1 or more common function/s)
Regional Anatomy ● Medical science dealing with all aspects of
● Body is studies area by area (used in diseases, with an emphasis on the cause and
graduate school at medical and dental development of abnormal conditions, as well
schools for specialization ) as the structural and functional changes
resulting from disease

, Cranial or Cephalic Head
Introduction to Anatomy:
Cervical Neck
Language of Anatomy
Facial Face
Standard Anatomical Position
Inguinal Groin
● Human standing erect with the face directed Pelvic (Pelvis) Lower trunk
forward, arms hanging on the sides, and the ● Bladder
palms facing forward, thumbs pointing away ● Reproductive
from the body, and the feet slightly apart with organs
the toes pointing forward.
Thoracic (Thorax) Chest
● Chest cavity
(heart, lungs)

Umbilical Navel


Anatomical Regions and Quadrants
Abdomen
● Subdivided superficially into quadrants by 2
imaginary lines; 1 horizontal and 1 vertical

● Key terms of anatomical position
○ Standing
○ Straight
○ Arms on the side
○ Palms facing forward
○ Fingers extended
○ Feet apart
○ Toes pointing forward
● Two types
○ Eastern
■ Arms are raised / elevated
○ Western
■ Commonly followed


Anatomical Regions ● Quadrants are subdivided into regions by 4
lines; 2 horizontal, 2 vertical
Axial Region

● Consists of the head, neck and trunk
● Central region of the body
● Trunk is subdivided into three: thorax,
abdomen and pelvis

Anatomical term = common terms
Abdominal Belly
(Abdomen) ● Liver
● Stomach
● Intestines

Axillary Armpit

, Organs found in the Nine Regions Carpal Wrist

RIGHT EPIGASTRIC LEFT Cubital Elbow
HYPOCHONDR HYPOCHONDR
IAC Liver IAC Femoral Thigh
Stomach
Liver Spleen Liver’s tip Palmar Palm of the hand
Right Kidney Duodenum Stomach
Gallbladder Adrenal Glands Pancreas Patellar Knee
L/S intestine Pancreas L.Kidney
Spleen Plantar Sole of the foot
L/S intestine
Tarsal Ankle
RIGHT UMBILICAL LEFT LUMBAR
LUMBAR
Duodenum Desc. Colon Anatomical Directional Terms
Asc. colon S.intestines S. intestines
S. intestines Transverse L. Kidney ● Indicates exactly where one body part is in
Right Kidney Colon relation to another


RIGHT ILIAC HYPOGASTRIC LEFT ILIAC Anterior / ● In front of
Ventral ● Front of the body
Appendix Bladder SIgmoid Colon ● Bellyside
Cecum Sigmoid Colon Desc. Colon ○ (Eg.) sternum is
Asc. Colon S. Intestine S. Intestines anterior to the
S. Intestine Reproductive spine
Organs
Posterior ● Behind
/ Dorsal ● Backside of the body
APPENDICULAR REGION ○ (Eg.) intestines
are posterior to
the abdominal
● Consists of arms and legs muscles

Upper ● Arm Superior ● Above
Limb ○ Extends from the / ● Upper part of a structure
shoulder to the Cranioce or the body
elbow ● Closer to the top of the
phalic
● Forearm head
○ Extends from ○ (Eg.) eyes are
superior to the
elbow to wrist
mouth
● Wrist
● Hand Inferior / ● Below
Caudal ● Lower part of structure or
Lower ● Thigh the body
Limb ○ Extends from the ● Farther away from the top
hips to the knee of the head
● Leg ● (Eg.) chest is inferior to
○ Extends from the the neck
knee to the ankle
● Ankle Supine ● Anterior surface facing
● Foot upward

Anatomical terms = common terms Prone ● Anterior surface facing
down
Brachial Arm
Medial ● On the inner side of;

, ● Near midline of the body Ipsilatera ● On the same side of the
● Toward the midline l body as another
● Middle ○ (E.g) the left ear
○ (Eg.) sternum is is ipsilateral to the
medial to the heart
humerus
Contralat ● On the opposite side of
Lateral ● On the outer side of; eral the body from another
● Farther from the midline structure
of the body ○ (E.g) the left ear
● Away from the midline is contralateral to
○ (Eg.) humerus is the right ear
lateral to the
sternum
Body Planes and Sections
Distal ● Farther from the point of
attachment of a limb to Planes
the trunk ● Imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the
● Away from different body parts
● Hip is the attachment
Sections
point of leg
● Shoulder is the ● Exposed surface produced by the planes
attachment point of arm
○ (Eg.) fingers are
distal to the wrist
bone

Proximal ● Close to the point of
attachment of a limb to
the trunk
● Nearest to the point of
origin
○ (Eg.) femur is Anatomical Planes:
proximal to the Sagittal Planes
ankle ● Vertical plane that divides an organ or the body
into right and left parts
Superfici ● Near the surface of the ● Usually refers to the midsagittal or median
al body
plane. Assuming bilateral symmetry, this plane
(external) ● Nearest to the surface /
outside cuts the body into halves passing through the
○ (Eg.) skin is midline structures such as the navel and the
superficial to the spine
kidneys
Mid-Sagittal or median plane
Deep ● Away from the surface / ● Passes through the midline of an organ
(internal) outside of the body
or the body and divides the organ of the
○ Muscles are deep
to the skin body into equal right and left halves
● Sometimes used to describe the sagittal
Right ● On the body’s right side plane running through the midline
Para-sagittal plane
Left ● On the body’s left side ● Does not pass through the midline but
divides an organ or the body into
Intermedi ● Between a more medial unequal halves
ate and more lateral structure
● Used to describe any plane parallel or
● Between 2 structures
○ (E.g) the knee is adjacent to a given sagittal plane
intermediate to
ankle and hip Transverse or Horizontal