Talipan National High School
Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
Earth Science
REVIEWER
12 - EDT/SCP| S.Y. 24 - 25 1st SEMESTER | 2nd QUARTER | BY Yzhie & Angelo
cracks, freezes and expands), exfoliation (the rock is
EARTH SCIENCE shedding its outer layer).
Guided Outline 2. CHEMICAL WEATHERING
- rainwater → clay, cause of discoloration. Rainwater
I. WEATHERING reacts with the mineral grains in rocks to form new
II. EARTH’S INTERNAL HEAT SOURCES
minerals (clay) and soluble salts.
III. PLUTONISM AND VOLCANISM
● CARBONATION - carbon dioxide in the air
IV. METAMORPHISM dissolves in rainwater. “Carbonic acid”
V. ROCK BEHAVIORS UNDER STRESS ● HYDROLYSIS - produce clay and soluble salts.
VI. SEAFLOOR SPREADING HYPOTHESIS ● HYDRATION - water reacts chemically with rocks.
VII. FORMATION OF ROCK LAYERS ● OXIDATION - due to oxygen and water, resulting
in a rusty-colored iron-rich rock.
Reference: PDF and Teacher’s Notes
3. BIOLOGICAL WEATHERING
- plants and animals
I. WEATHERING ● PHYSICAL WEATHERING - burrowing animals
WEATHERING is the decomposition of soils and their make holes on the ground by excavation and human
minerals and rocks through direct contact with the earth’s activities such as digging, quarrying, denuding forests
atmosphere. and cultivating.
Mala- ● CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS - some plants and animals
Kamado produce acidic substances.
Tanjiro pero it
happens
naturally,
gradually, and TYPES OF WEATHERING
takes hundreds
and thousands
PHYSICAL/MECHANICAL
of years.
WEATHERING - heating and
cooling, water, wind, and ice
expansion
WEATHERING - breaking down of rock.
EROSION - movement of sediment from broken rock. CHEMICAL WEATHERING -
DEPOSITION - dropping of sediment in a new place. carbonation, hydrolysis, hydration,
oxidation
BIOLOGICAL WEATHERING -
plants and animals (ex. Burrowing
animals)
AGENTS OF
WEATHERING:
1. WATER - either in
liquid or solid form
(ice).
2. SALT - “haloclasty”
3 TYPES OF WEATHERING: when it evaporates, salt
1. PHYSICAL / MECHANICAL WEATHERING crystals are left behind.
- abrasion (rock is always exposed to water, wind, and Causing pressure in the
gravity), freeze-thaw (water continually seeps into
https://by-yzhie.carrd1.co/
, Talipan National High School
Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
Earth Science
REVIEWER
12 - EDT/SCP| S.Y. 24 - 25 1st SEMESTER | 2nd QUARTER | BY Yzhie & Angelo
>>>Click Here for Mini Quiz<<<
rock.
3. TEMPERATURE - III. PLUTONISM AND VOLCANISM
“thermal stress” rocks
expand with heat and Magma is found beneath the surface of the Earth, and
contract in low evidence of magmatism has also been discovered on other
temperature. terrestrial planets and some natural satellites.
4. PLANTS - when Endogenic Process
sprouts grow in soil. is a natural event that happens beneath the Earth's
surface, such as the movement of tectonic plates, volcanic activity,
5. ANIMALS - animals or the formation of mountains.
that tunnel underground.
How is magma formed?
Magma forms when rocks deep in the Earth's crust or
upper mantle melt due to heat and pressure. Partial melting
>>>Click Here for Mini Quiz<<< happens because the minerals in the rocks have different melting
points, so some melt while others remain solid, creating magma.
II. EARTH'S INTERNAL HEAT
As you go deeper into the Earth, the pressure increases because of
the weight of the rocks above. Geologists discovered that higher
Endogenic Forces are forces within Earth that cause the ground to
pressure makes rocks need more heat to melt, meaning the melting
move.
point of rocks goes up with increased pressure.
2 CATEGORIES OF HEAT IN EARTH'S INTERIOR
TWO MECHANISM THROUGH WHICH ROCKS MELT
1. Primordial Heat Decompression Melting
- Earth's internal heat energy that accumulated during its happens when rocks inside the Earth stay at roughly the
early formation through the dispersion and collision of same temperature, but the pressure on them is lowered. This
particles over millions of years. reduction in pressure allows the rocks to melt, even without an
- Generated during the Earth formation. increase in temperature.
- the internal heat energy accumulated by dissipation in a
planet during its first few million years of evolution.
Basically, planets were serving hot core energy from
day one.
2. Radioactive Heat
- Generated by long-term radioactive decay.
- is thermal energy released as a result of spontaneous
nuclear disintegration Flux Melting
occurs when a rock is near its melting point and some
Major Sources: water or carbon dioxide is added. This addition lowers the rock's
Accretion Energy - kinetic energy of smaller planetary melting temperature, causing it to partially melt.
objects into heat as they collided on accretion.
Thermal Energy - The total of all kinetic and potential
energy of the atoms in an object. If you hold a hot cup of coffee,
some of its thermal energy transfers to your hand, making it feel
warm.
Core = storage of primordial heat
Convection is heat transfer through fluid movement
Conduction is heat transfer through direct contact.
https://by-yzhie.carrd2.co/
Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
Earth Science
REVIEWER
12 - EDT/SCP| S.Y. 24 - 25 1st SEMESTER | 2nd QUARTER | BY Yzhie & Angelo
cracks, freezes and expands), exfoliation (the rock is
EARTH SCIENCE shedding its outer layer).
Guided Outline 2. CHEMICAL WEATHERING
- rainwater → clay, cause of discoloration. Rainwater
I. WEATHERING reacts with the mineral grains in rocks to form new
II. EARTH’S INTERNAL HEAT SOURCES
minerals (clay) and soluble salts.
III. PLUTONISM AND VOLCANISM
● CARBONATION - carbon dioxide in the air
IV. METAMORPHISM dissolves in rainwater. “Carbonic acid”
V. ROCK BEHAVIORS UNDER STRESS ● HYDROLYSIS - produce clay and soluble salts.
VI. SEAFLOOR SPREADING HYPOTHESIS ● HYDRATION - water reacts chemically with rocks.
VII. FORMATION OF ROCK LAYERS ● OXIDATION - due to oxygen and water, resulting
in a rusty-colored iron-rich rock.
Reference: PDF and Teacher’s Notes
3. BIOLOGICAL WEATHERING
- plants and animals
I. WEATHERING ● PHYSICAL WEATHERING - burrowing animals
WEATHERING is the decomposition of soils and their make holes on the ground by excavation and human
minerals and rocks through direct contact with the earth’s activities such as digging, quarrying, denuding forests
atmosphere. and cultivating.
Mala- ● CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS - some plants and animals
Kamado produce acidic substances.
Tanjiro pero it
happens
naturally,
gradually, and TYPES OF WEATHERING
takes hundreds
and thousands
PHYSICAL/MECHANICAL
of years.
WEATHERING - heating and
cooling, water, wind, and ice
expansion
WEATHERING - breaking down of rock.
EROSION - movement of sediment from broken rock. CHEMICAL WEATHERING -
DEPOSITION - dropping of sediment in a new place. carbonation, hydrolysis, hydration,
oxidation
BIOLOGICAL WEATHERING -
plants and animals (ex. Burrowing
animals)
AGENTS OF
WEATHERING:
1. WATER - either in
liquid or solid form
(ice).
2. SALT - “haloclasty”
3 TYPES OF WEATHERING: when it evaporates, salt
1. PHYSICAL / MECHANICAL WEATHERING crystals are left behind.
- abrasion (rock is always exposed to water, wind, and Causing pressure in the
gravity), freeze-thaw (water continually seeps into
https://by-yzhie.carrd1.co/
, Talipan National High School
Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
Earth Science
REVIEWER
12 - EDT/SCP| S.Y. 24 - 25 1st SEMESTER | 2nd QUARTER | BY Yzhie & Angelo
>>>Click Here for Mini Quiz<<<
rock.
3. TEMPERATURE - III. PLUTONISM AND VOLCANISM
“thermal stress” rocks
expand with heat and Magma is found beneath the surface of the Earth, and
contract in low evidence of magmatism has also been discovered on other
temperature. terrestrial planets and some natural satellites.
4. PLANTS - when Endogenic Process
sprouts grow in soil. is a natural event that happens beneath the Earth's
surface, such as the movement of tectonic plates, volcanic activity,
5. ANIMALS - animals or the formation of mountains.
that tunnel underground.
How is magma formed?
Magma forms when rocks deep in the Earth's crust or
upper mantle melt due to heat and pressure. Partial melting
>>>Click Here for Mini Quiz<<< happens because the minerals in the rocks have different melting
points, so some melt while others remain solid, creating magma.
II. EARTH'S INTERNAL HEAT
As you go deeper into the Earth, the pressure increases because of
the weight of the rocks above. Geologists discovered that higher
Endogenic Forces are forces within Earth that cause the ground to
pressure makes rocks need more heat to melt, meaning the melting
move.
point of rocks goes up with increased pressure.
2 CATEGORIES OF HEAT IN EARTH'S INTERIOR
TWO MECHANISM THROUGH WHICH ROCKS MELT
1. Primordial Heat Decompression Melting
- Earth's internal heat energy that accumulated during its happens when rocks inside the Earth stay at roughly the
early formation through the dispersion and collision of same temperature, but the pressure on them is lowered. This
particles over millions of years. reduction in pressure allows the rocks to melt, even without an
- Generated during the Earth formation. increase in temperature.
- the internal heat energy accumulated by dissipation in a
planet during its first few million years of evolution.
Basically, planets were serving hot core energy from
day one.
2. Radioactive Heat
- Generated by long-term radioactive decay.
- is thermal energy released as a result of spontaneous
nuclear disintegration Flux Melting
occurs when a rock is near its melting point and some
Major Sources: water or carbon dioxide is added. This addition lowers the rock's
Accretion Energy - kinetic energy of smaller planetary melting temperature, causing it to partially melt.
objects into heat as they collided on accretion.
Thermal Energy - The total of all kinetic and potential
energy of the atoms in an object. If you hold a hot cup of coffee,
some of its thermal energy transfers to your hand, making it feel
warm.
Core = storage of primordial heat
Convection is heat transfer through fluid movement
Conduction is heat transfer through direct contact.
https://by-yzhie.carrd2.co/
