Exam Bank for Rhetorical Process- Questions Answered Correctly (Latest Update )

Exam Bank for Rhetorical Process- Questions Answered Correctly (Latest Update ) How do Keith and Lundberg define rhetoric? - Answers The study of producing discourses and interpreting how, when, and why discourses are persuasive Who were the Sophists and why were they important? - Answers Sicilians who taught Athenians how to speak persuasively with the goal of navigating the courts and senate; "Wisdom";Consultants for winning legal cases What was Plato's criticism of rhetoric? - Answers Claimed rhetoric was dangerous because it did not have the rigor of a scientific enterprise or the critical quality of a philosophical endeavor. Thought it was a group of random techniques that helped those in the wrong win support for their cause. What are Aristotle's three types of speeches? What do they do? - Answers Forensic: trial Speech that is given in a public forum Justice- to determine what happened in the past, such as arguing for guilt or innocence Epideictic: funeral Speech that displays the qualities of something Honor- to say how people should feel in the present, and to assign praise or blame Deliberative: senate speech that argues for a course of action Utility- to make a case for what people should or should not do in the future, such as avoiding harmful things and doing good What are the three types of rhetorical appeals or proofs? - Answers Logos (logic), Ethos (credibility of the speaker), and Pathos (emotional appeal) What three basic points did Aristotle argue about rhetoric? - Answers Rhetoric gives us important insight about the world in identity and power, visual and material symbols, and the public and democracy How do Keith and Lundberg define identity? - Answers The set of labels, patterns of behavior, and ways of representing yourself that make up your public persona. What two senses of the term 'rhetoric' do these authors recognize? - Answers 1) An action humans perform (use symbols to communicate with one another) 2) Perspective humans take (Focusing on symbolic processes) What two things do we do when we engage in rhetorical action? - Answers Make a conscious decision to communicate and make conscious choices about the strategies we will employ Considering rhetoric as a perspective that humans take, what are the two key terms? - Answers Process and symbolism When do we focus on the process of symbolism rather than the content? - Answers When we analyze how symbols work rather than what the symbols communicate (ex: understand how a world view is created by the communication strategies or an anti-abortion group) What two ways can we focus on the process of symbolism? - Answers 1) By analyzing how people perform rhetorical action 2) By analyzing how people interpret symbols What was Aristotle's definition of rhetoric? - Answers the ability in each particular case to see the available means of persuasion What was Kenneth Burke's definition of rhetoric? - Answers the use of language as a symbolic means of inducing cooperation in beings that by nature respond to symbols What are the four characteristics of rhetoric? - Answers 1. Rhetoric is symbolic 2. Rhetoric involves an audience 3. Rhetoric establishes what is probably true 4. Rhetorical theory is inventive and analytic If we view communication from a rhetorical perspective, which is more important, the intent of the rhetor or the influence on the audience? - Answers The influence that rhetoric has on an audience What are the two most significant influences on the practice of modern rhetoric? - Answers Culture and communication technologies Define: metaphor - Answers a usually indirect comparison used to describe something with a word or phrase that is not meant literally, but that, by means of vivid comparison, expresses something about it (Joe is a deer) and in which qualities of one are transferred by implication to the other Define: analogy - Answers a (usually) direct comparison between two things that are similar in some way, often used to help explain something or make it easier to understand (Joe runs like a deer) - because one thing is like another, the truth of one shows the truth of the other. "The universe is like a pocket watch and a pocket watch has a designer, so the universe must also have a designer." Define: form - Answers the raising and fulfilling of expectations in an audience, or simply the structure of a rhetorical act Define: crescendo - Answers a gradual increase in intensity Define: climax - Answers the conclusion of a sequence of phrases or sentences, each more forceful or intense than the last Define: hyperbole - Answers deliberate and obvious exaggeration used for effect Define: alliteration - Answers a poetic or literary effect achieved by using several words that begin with the same or similar consonants (Let us go forth to lead the land we love.) Define: anaphora - Answers the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses or lines. (We shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end. [ . . . ] We shall never surrender. - Winston Churchill) Define: irony - Answers a statement whose real meaning is recognizably opposite of what is literally said Define: satire - Answers the use of wit, especially irony, sarcasm, and ridicule, to criticize faults Define: eloquence - Answers the ability to speak forcefully, expressively, and persuasively Define: euphemism - Answers a word or phrase used in place of a term that might be considered too direct, harsh, unpleasant, or offensive - - less objectionable and often less accurate terms substituted for harsher or emotionally charged terms. "For the time being, it is necessary to make a readjustment of rations." Animal Farm, George Orwell Define: identification - Answers a proposal which produces in the audience a powerful feeling of affinity with another person or group, often the speaker Define: victimization - Answers to single somebody out unfairly for punishment or ill treatment or to use the perception of victimization as a rhetorical tactic Define: cynicism - Answers in the modern sense, doubting or contemptuous of human nature or the motives, goodness, or sincerity of others Define: example - Answers something that is representative by virtue of having typical features of the thing it represents Define: demonization - Answers the portrayal of something as wicked and threatening. Define: deduction - Answers an argument in which, if the premises are true, the conclusion must be true Define: induction - Answers an argument in which, if the premises are true, the conclusion is probably true Define: syllogism - Answers a formal deductive argument made up of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion in which, if the premises are true, the conclusion must be true. Socrates is a man All men die Therefore, Socrates will die A syllogism is described as valid or invalid. A valid syllogism can be false. All celestial objects are made of green cheese The moon is a celestial object Therefore the moon is made of green cheese. Valid but not true Define: enthymeme - Answers a syllogism (argument) with one missing premise, usually supplied by the audience What is the herd instinct? - Answers keeps our beliefs and our actions within the bounds of what society as a whole will accept What is culture lag? - Answers the tendency of practices and beliefs to persist long after whatever conditions made them useful or sensible have disappeared What is provincialism? - Answers natural tendency to identify with the ideas, interests, and kinds of behavior favored by those in groups with which we identify What is prejudice? - Answers thinking ill of others without sufficient warrant What are scapegoats? - Answers others we can blame for the ills of the world What is a partisan mind-set? - Answers perceive evidence and to judge arguments via an "us against them" or "my right view against your wrong view" attitude What is confirmation bias? - Answers the tendency to interpret new evidence as confirmation of one's existing beliefs or theories. What is the difference between wishful thinking and self-deception? - Answers wishful thinking: believing what we would like to be true, no matter what the evidence self-deception: consciously believing what at a deeper level we know to be dubious What is rationalization? - Answers most common form of self-deception ignore or deny unpleasant evidence so as to feel justified in doing what we want to do or in believing what we find comfortable to believe What is procrastination? - Answers putting off for tomorrow what common sense tells us needs to be done today What is the difference between suppression and denial? - Answers suppression: avoid thoughts that are stressful by either not thinking about them or, more commonly, by thinking non stressful thoughts. Manage to avoid the anxiety associated with the stress-provoking situation. denial: change our interpretation of the situation to perceive it as less threatening What are the five categories of rhetorical action in Olson, et al's article? How do they define each? - Answers 1. Performing and seeing: observing, examining, viewing, and displaying highlight the ways that we use ritual performance to communicate things such as culture, race, sex, gender, class, sexuality, and social norms 2. Remembering and memorializing:remember certain events and persons to remember them in specific ways, and to memorialize them in particular forms 3. Confronting and resisting: agents, especially marginalized ones, may use the rhetorical actions of confronting and resisting to challenge established norms and intuitions and refute hierarchies of power and privilege 4. Commodifying (turn experiences into products) and consuming: visual rhetoric is deeply embedded in the ways we buy,sell, and use products, ideas, beliefs, and social relationships 5. Governing and authorizing: visual rhetoric informs the symbolic activities of warranting, justifying, or sanctioning leaders' practices On what three assumptions did Olson et al ground their approach to the study of visual rhetoric? - Answers 1. Words and images are oftentimes mixed together in rhetorically interesting ways 2. Visual rhetoric should not be viewed as a supplement to more traditional "talk and text" approaches to rhetoric, but rather as integral 3. Scholarship in visual rhetoric is strongest when it combines the conceptual resources of the rhetorical tradition with the conceptual resources developed by scholars in other fields What is Gronbeck's definition of rhetorical consciousness? - Answers an awareness of the ways that persuasive communication is context dependent, contingent, and often strategically crafted by agents with particular purposes in mind What is Olson et al's definition of rhetorical action? - Answers those actions that humans perform when they use symbols to persuade or invite cooperation from others How do they define visual rhetoric? - Answers those symbolic actions enacted primarily through visual means, made meaningful through culturally derived ways of looking and seeing and endeavoring to influence diverse publics What is a rhetorical situation, according to Bitzer? - Answers a complex of persons, events, objects, and relations presenting an actual or potential exigence which can be completely or partially removed if discourse, introduced into the situation, can so constrain human decision or action as to bring about the significant modification of the exigence What is an exigence? - Answers imperfection marked by urgency; it is a defect, an obstacle, something waiting to be done, a thing which is other than it should be For Bitzer, when is an exigence rhetorical? - Answers when it is capable of positive modification and when positive modification requires discourse or can be assisted by discourse What is a controlling exigence? - Answers organizing principle: it specifies the audience to be addressed and the change to be effected What is a rhetorical audience? - Answers persons who are capable of being influenced by discourse and of being mediators of change What are constraints? - Answers made up of persons, events, objects, and relations which are parts of the situation because they have the power to constrain decision and action needed to modify the exigence When is a rhetorical situation simple? When is it complex? - Answers Simple: relatively few elements which must be made to interact (ex:Declaration of War)