NUR309 Exam 2
1. Kyphosis: rounding of the back caused by weakening of spinal discs.
2. Nerves: Where does movement start?
3. Active exercise: joint movement activated by the person
4. Ergonomics: practice of designing equipment and work tasks to conform to the capability of
the worker and providing a means for adjusting the work environment and work practices to
prevent injuries
5. Footdrop: complication resulting from extended plantar flexion when lying in the supine
position (can be sign of neurological or muscular disease / nerve damage). Results in inability to
walk with heel-to-toe gait ("slapping" gait). Can be temporary or permanent. Can be prevented
using foot boards, high top sneakers, cages, special boots, or by sliding the patient down to the
foot board.
6. Isokinetic exercise: (resistance training) muscles contract against resistance from an outside
force. Speed of movement remains constant, but the amount of resistance varies. Typically
involves a type of machine, often used in rehabilitation.
7. Isometric exercise: (static exercise) contracting of a muscle or group of muscles and holding
the same position for the duration of the exercise; joint does not bend and straighten.
8. Isotonic exercise: active movements in which muscles shorten (contract) and move
(alternating shorten and lengthen). Challenging a muscle (or group of mus- cles) with
resistance that can be overcome while moving joints through full ROM. Best type of exercise.
9. Orthopedics: the correction or prevention of disorders of body structures used in locomotion
10.Paralysis: absence of strength secondary to nervous impairment
11.Paresis: impaired muscle strength or weakness
12.Passive exercise: manual or mechanical means of moving the joints
13.Patient care ergonomics: practice of designing equipment and work tasks to conform to the
capability of the worker in relation to patient care
14.Range of motion: complete extent of movement of which a joint is normally capable
15.Hematopoiesis: blood cell formation.
16.Skeletal system: protects and supports body organs and provides a framework the muscles
use to support movement. Made up of bones, joints, and cartilage.
17.Abduction: lateral movement away from the midline of the body (a moving person's
away from the body).
arm
, NUR309 Exam 2
18.Adduction: lateral movement toward the midline of the body (a p moving erson's
from and outstretched position to a position beside the body). arm
19.Circumduction: turning in a circular motion; combines abduction, extension, adduction,
and flexion (circling the arm at the shoulder as when servi bowling. ng in tennis
or
20.Flexion: the state of being bent (a person's cervical spine when th forward, e head is
chin to chest). bent
21.Extension: the state of being in a straight line (a person's cervic the head is al spine
held straight on the spinal column). when
22.Hyperextension: the state of exaggerated extension. It often res greater than
ults in an
180 degrees. (a person's cervical spine when looking ove the ceiling). angle
rhead
23.Dorsiflexion: backward bending of the hand or foot (a person's fo toes are ot when
brought up as though to point them at the knee). the
24.Plantar flexion: bending of the sole of the foot (curling the toes t ground). oward
the
25.Pronation: assumption of the prone position (lying on the abdom facing en with
down). palms
, NUR309 Exam 2
palms
26. Supine: assumption of the supine position (lying on the back with up). Not for
patients SOB, seen more in surgery. facing
27.Inversion: movement of the sole of the foot inward (occurs at the a nkle
).
28.Eversion: movement of the sole of the foot outward (occurs at the ankle
).
29.Muscular system: made up of skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles that contract and
promote movement along with tendons and bones.
30.Movement results from: The brain sends signals via the nervous system (including the
spinal cord and nerves) to the muscles, and the muscles contract. This contraction works in
conjunction with the tendons and joints, helping to move skeletal bones and complete the act.
31.Skeletal muscle system: includes the skeletal muscle tissue and connective tissue that
comprise individual muscle organs (biceps).
32.Function of skeletal muscle: motion, maintenance of posture, support, and heat
production.
33.Stimulation of muscles by nerves: Nerve cells called neurons conduct impuls- es from one
part of the body to another. The afferent neurons convey information from receptors in the
periphery of the body to the CNS (ight pressure on nose). This information is processed by the
CNS, leading to a response ("There is a fly on my nose. I want to brush it off."). The efferent
neurons convey the response from the CNS to skeletal muscles by way of the somatic nervous
system (muscles in the arm, wrist, and hand contract, and the fingers brush the fly from the
nose).
34.Cardiac muscle: forms the bulk of the heart and produces the contractions that create the
heartbeat.
35.Smooth muscle: (visceral muscle) forms the walls of the hollow organs (stom- ach and
intestines) and is in the walls of blood vessels and other hollow tubes (ureters) that connect
internal organs.
1. Kyphosis: rounding of the back caused by weakening of spinal discs.
2. Nerves: Where does movement start?
3. Active exercise: joint movement activated by the person
4. Ergonomics: practice of designing equipment and work tasks to conform to the capability of
the worker and providing a means for adjusting the work environment and work practices to
prevent injuries
5. Footdrop: complication resulting from extended plantar flexion when lying in the supine
position (can be sign of neurological or muscular disease / nerve damage). Results in inability to
walk with heel-to-toe gait ("slapping" gait). Can be temporary or permanent. Can be prevented
using foot boards, high top sneakers, cages, special boots, or by sliding the patient down to the
foot board.
6. Isokinetic exercise: (resistance training) muscles contract against resistance from an outside
force. Speed of movement remains constant, but the amount of resistance varies. Typically
involves a type of machine, often used in rehabilitation.
7. Isometric exercise: (static exercise) contracting of a muscle or group of muscles and holding
the same position for the duration of the exercise; joint does not bend and straighten.
8. Isotonic exercise: active movements in which muscles shorten (contract) and move
(alternating shorten and lengthen). Challenging a muscle (or group of mus- cles) with
resistance that can be overcome while moving joints through full ROM. Best type of exercise.
9. Orthopedics: the correction or prevention of disorders of body structures used in locomotion
10.Paralysis: absence of strength secondary to nervous impairment
11.Paresis: impaired muscle strength or weakness
12.Passive exercise: manual or mechanical means of moving the joints
13.Patient care ergonomics: practice of designing equipment and work tasks to conform to the
capability of the worker in relation to patient care
14.Range of motion: complete extent of movement of which a joint is normally capable
15.Hematopoiesis: blood cell formation.
16.Skeletal system: protects and supports body organs and provides a framework the muscles
use to support movement. Made up of bones, joints, and cartilage.
17.Abduction: lateral movement away from the midline of the body (a moving person's
away from the body).
arm
, NUR309 Exam 2
18.Adduction: lateral movement toward the midline of the body (a p moving erson's
from and outstretched position to a position beside the body). arm
19.Circumduction: turning in a circular motion; combines abduction, extension, adduction,
and flexion (circling the arm at the shoulder as when servi bowling. ng in tennis
or
20.Flexion: the state of being bent (a person's cervical spine when th forward, e head is
chin to chest). bent
21.Extension: the state of being in a straight line (a person's cervic the head is al spine
held straight on the spinal column). when
22.Hyperextension: the state of exaggerated extension. It often res greater than
ults in an
180 degrees. (a person's cervical spine when looking ove the ceiling). angle
rhead
23.Dorsiflexion: backward bending of the hand or foot (a person's fo toes are ot when
brought up as though to point them at the knee). the
24.Plantar flexion: bending of the sole of the foot (curling the toes t ground). oward
the
25.Pronation: assumption of the prone position (lying on the abdom facing en with
down). palms
, NUR309 Exam 2
palms
26. Supine: assumption of the supine position (lying on the back with up). Not for
patients SOB, seen more in surgery. facing
27.Inversion: movement of the sole of the foot inward (occurs at the a nkle
).
28.Eversion: movement of the sole of the foot outward (occurs at the ankle
).
29.Muscular system: made up of skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles that contract and
promote movement along with tendons and bones.
30.Movement results from: The brain sends signals via the nervous system (including the
spinal cord and nerves) to the muscles, and the muscles contract. This contraction works in
conjunction with the tendons and joints, helping to move skeletal bones and complete the act.
31.Skeletal muscle system: includes the skeletal muscle tissue and connective tissue that
comprise individual muscle organs (biceps).
32.Function of skeletal muscle: motion, maintenance of posture, support, and heat
production.
33.Stimulation of muscles by nerves: Nerve cells called neurons conduct impuls- es from one
part of the body to another. The afferent neurons convey information from receptors in the
periphery of the body to the CNS (ight pressure on nose). This information is processed by the
CNS, leading to a response ("There is a fly on my nose. I want to brush it off."). The efferent
neurons convey the response from the CNS to skeletal muscles by way of the somatic nervous
system (muscles in the arm, wrist, and hand contract, and the fingers brush the fly from the
nose).
34.Cardiac muscle: forms the bulk of the heart and produces the contractions that create the
heartbeat.
35.Smooth muscle: (visceral muscle) forms the walls of the hollow organs (stom- ach and
intestines) and is in the walls of blood vessels and other hollow tubes (ureters) that connect
internal organs.
